"""
Classes involved in doctesting

This module controls the various classes involved in doctesting.

AUTHORS:

- David Roe (2012-03-27) -- initial version, based on Robert Bradshaw's code.
"""

#*****************************************************************************
#       Copyright (C) 2012 David Roe <roed.math@gmail.com>
#                          Robert Bradshaw <robertwb@gmail.com>
#                          William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
#       Copyright (C) 2016 Jeroen Demeyer <jdemeyer@cage.ugent.be>
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
#*****************************************************************************
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function

import random, os, sys, time, json, re, types
import six
import sage.misc.flatten
from sage.structure.sage_object import SageObject
from sage.env import DOT_SAGE, SAGE_LIB, SAGE_SRC
from sage.misc.temporary_file import tmp_dir
from cysignals.signals import AlarmInterrupt, init_cysignals

from .sources import FileDocTestSource, DictAsObject
from .forker import DocTestDispatcher
from .reporting import DocTestReporter
from .util import Timer, count_noun, dict_difference
from .external import external_software, available_software

nodoctest_regex = re.compile(r'\s*(#+|%+|r"+|"+|\.\.)\s*nodoctest')
optionaltag_regex = re.compile(r'^\w+$')

class DocTestDefaults(SageObject):
    """
    This class is used for doctesting the Sage doctest module.

    It fills in attributes to be the same as the defaults defined in
    ``SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-runtests``, expect for a few places,
    which is mostly to make doctesting more predictable.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults
        sage: D = DocTestDefaults()
        sage: D
        DocTestDefaults()
        sage: D.timeout
        -1

    Keyword arguments become attributes::

        sage: D = DocTestDefaults(timeout=100)
        sage: D
        DocTestDefaults(timeout=100)
        sage: D.timeout
        100
    """
    def __init__(self, **kwds):
        """
        Edit these parameters after creating an instance.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults
            sage: D = DocTestDefaults(); D.optional
            {'sage'}
        """
        self.nthreads = 1
        self.serial = False
        self.timeout = -1
        self.all = False
        self.logfile = None
        self.sagenb = False
        self.long = False
        self.warn_long = None
        self.optional = set(['sage'])
        self.randorder = None
        self.global_iterations = 1  # sage-runtests default is 0
        self.file_iterations = 1    # sage-runtests default is 0
        self.initial = False
        self.exitfirst = False
        self.force_lib = False
        self.abspath = True         # sage-runtests default is False
        self.verbose = False
        self.debug = False
        self.only_errors = False
        self.gdb = False
        self.valgrind = False
        self.massif = False
        self.cachegrind = False
        self.omega = False
        self.failed = False
        self.new = False
        self.show_skipped = False
        # We don't want to use the real stats file by default so that
        # we don't overwrite timings for the actual running doctests.
        self.stats_path = os.path.join(DOT_SAGE, "timings_dt_test.json")
        self.__dict__.update(kwds)

    def _repr_(self):
        """
        Return the print representation.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults
            sage: DocTestDefaults(timeout=100, foobar="hello")
            DocTestDefaults(foobar='hello', timeout=100)
        """
        s = "DocTestDefaults("
        for k in sorted(dict_difference(self.__dict__, DocTestDefaults().__dict__).keys()):
            if s[-1] != "(":
                s += ", "
            s += str(k) + "=" + repr(getattr(self,k))
        s += ")"
        return s

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """
        Comparison by __dict__.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults
            sage: DD1 = DocTestDefaults(long=True)
            sage: DD2 = DocTestDefaults(long=True)
            sage: DD1 == DD2
            True
        """
        if not isinstance(other, DocTestDefaults):
            return False
        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__

    def __ne__(self, other):
        """
        Test for unequality.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults
            sage: DD1 = DocTestDefaults(long=True)
            sage: DD2 = DocTestDefaults(long=True)
            sage: DD1 != DD2
            False
        """
        return not (self == other)


def skipdir(dirname):
    """
    Return True if and only if the directory ``dirname`` should not be
    doctested.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.doctest.control import skipdir
        sage: skipdir(sage.env.SAGE_SRC)
        False
        sage: skipdir(os.path.join(sage.env.SAGE_SRC, "sage", "doctest", "tests"))
        True
    """
    if os.path.exists(os.path.join(dirname, "nodoctest.py")):
        return True
    return False

def skipfile(filename):
    """
    Return True if and only if the file ``filename`` should not be
    doctested.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.doctest.control import skipfile
        sage: skipfile("skipme.c")
        True
        sage: f = tmp_filename(ext=".pyx")
        sage: skipfile(f)
        False
        sage: _ = open(f, "w").write("# nodoctest")
        sage: skipfile(f)
        True
    """
    base, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
    if ext not in ('.py', '.pyx', '.pxd', '.pxi', '.sage', '.spyx', '.rst', '.tex'):
        return True
    with open(filename) as F:
        line_count = 0
        for line in F:
            if nodoctest_regex.match(line):
                return True
            line_count += 1
            if line_count >= 10:
                break
    return False


class Logger(object):
    r"""
    File-like object which implements writing to multiple files at
    once.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.doctest.control import Logger
        sage: t = open(tmp_filename(), "w+")
        sage: L = Logger(sys.stdout, t)
        sage: _ = L.write("hello world\n")
        hello world
        sage: t.seek(0)
        sage: t.read()
        'hello world\n'
    """
    def __init__(self, *files):
        """
        Initialize the logger for writing to all files in ``files``.

        TESTS::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import Logger
            sage: Logger().write("hello world\n")  # no-op
        """
        self.files = list(files)

    def write(self, x):
        r"""
        Write ``x`` to all files.

        TESTS::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import Logger
            sage: Logger(sys.stdout).write("hello world\n")
            hello world
        """
        for f in self.files:
            f.write(x)

    def flush(self):
        """
        Flush all files.

        TESTS::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import Logger
            sage: Logger(sys.stdout).flush()
        """
        for f in self.files:
            f.flush()


class DocTestController(SageObject):
    """
    This class controls doctesting of files.

    After creating it with appropriate options, call the :meth:`run` method to run the doctests.
    """
    def __init__(self, options, args):
        """
        Initialization.

        INPUT:

        - options -- either options generated from the command line by SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-runtests
                     or a DocTestDefaults object (possibly with some entries modified)
        - args -- a list of filenames to doctest

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: DC
            DocTest Controller
        """
        # First we modify options to take environment variables into
        # account and check compatibility of the user's specified
        # options.
        if options.timeout < 0:
            if options.gdb or options.debug:
                # Interactive debuggers: "infinite" timeout
                options.timeout = 0
            elif options.valgrind or options.massif or options.cachegrind or options.omega:
                # Non-interactive debuggers: 48 hours
                options.timeout = int(os.getenv('SAGE_TIMEOUT_VALGRIND', 48 * 60 * 60))
            elif options.long:
                options.timeout = int(os.getenv('SAGE_TIMEOUT_LONG', 30 * 60))
            else:
                options.timeout = int(os.getenv('SAGE_TIMEOUT', 5 * 60))
        if options.nthreads == 0:
            options.nthreads = int(os.getenv('SAGE_NUM_THREADS_PARALLEL',1))
        if options.failed and not (args or options.new or options.sagenb):
            # If the user doesn't specify any files then we rerun all failed files.
            options.all = True
        if options.global_iterations == 0:
            options.global_iterations = int(os.environ.get('SAGE_TEST_GLOBAL_ITER', 1))
        if options.file_iterations == 0:
            options.file_iterations = int(os.environ.get('SAGE_TEST_ITER', 1))
        if options.debug:
            if options.nthreads > 1:
                print("Debugging requires single-threaded operation, setting number of threads to 1.")
            if options.logfile:
                print("Debugging is not compatible with logging, disabling logfile.")
            options.serial = True
            options.logfile = None
        if options.serial:
            options.nthreads = 1
        if options.verbose:
            options.show_skipped = True

        if isinstance(options.optional, six.string_types):
            s = options.optional.lower()
            options.optional = set(s.split(','))
            if "all" in options.optional:
                # Special case to run all optional tests
                options.optional = True
            else:
                # We replace the 'optional' tag by all optional
                # packages for which the installed version matches the
                # latest available version (this implies in particular
                # that the package is actually installed).
                if 'optional' in options.optional:
                    options.optional.discard('optional')
                    from sage.misc.package import list_packages
                    for pkg in list_packages('optional', local=True).values():
                        if pkg['installed_version'] == pkg['remote_version']:
                            options.optional.add(pkg['name'])

                # Check that all tags are valid
                for o in options.optional:
                    if not optionaltag_regex.search(o):
                        raise ValueError('invalid optional tag {!r}'.format(o))

        self.options = options
        self.files = args
        if options.logfile:
            try:
                self.logfile = open(options.logfile, 'a')
            except IOError:
                print("Unable to open logfile {!r}\nProceeding without logging.".format(options.logfile))
                self.logfile = None
        else:
            self.logfile = None

        # Flush any diagnostic messages we just printed
        sys.stdout.flush()
        sys.stderr.flush()

        # In serial mode, we run just one process. Then the doctests
        # will interfere with the output logging (both use stdout).
        # To solve this, we create real_stdout which will always
        # write to the actual standard output, regardless of
        # redirections.
        if options.serial:
            real_stdout = os.fdopen(os.dup(sys.stdout.fileno()), "a")
        else:
            # Parallel mode: no special tricks needed
            real_stdout = sys.stdout

        if self.logfile is None:
            self.logger = real_stdout
        else:
            self.logger = Logger(real_stdout, self.logfile)

        self.stats = {}
        self.load_stats(options.stats_path)
        self._init_warn_long()

    def _init_warn_long(self):
        """
        Pick a suitable default for the ``--warn-long`` option if not specified.

        It is desirable to have all tests (even ``# long`` ones)
        finish in less than about 5 seconds. Longer tests typically
        don't add coverage, they just make testing slow.

        The default used here is 60 seconds on a modern computer. It
        should eventually be lowered to 5 seconds, but its best to
        boil the frog slowly.

        The stored timings are used to adjust this limit according to
        the machine running the tests.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: DC.options.warn_long = 5.0
            sage: DC._init_warn_long()
            sage: DC.options.warn_long    # existing command-line options are not changed
            5.00000000000000
        """
        if self.options.warn_long is not None:     # Specified on the command line
            return
        try:
            self.options.warn_long = 60.0 * self.second_on_modern_computer()
        except RuntimeError as err:
            if not sage.doctest.DOCTEST_MODE:
                print(err)   # No usable timing information

    def second_on_modern_computer(self):
        """
        Return the wall time equivalent of a second on a modern computer.

        OUTPUT:

        Float. The wall time on your computer that would be equivalent
        to one second on a modern computer. Unless you have kick-ass
        hardware this should always be >= 1.0. Raises a
        ``RuntimeError`` if there are no stored timings to use as
        benchmark.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: DC.second_on_modern_computer()   # not tested
        """
        if len(self.stats) == 0:
            raise RuntimeError('no stored timings available')
        success = []
        failed = []
        for mod in self.stats.values():
            if mod.get('failed', False):
                failed.append(mod['walltime'])
            else:
                success.append(mod['walltime'])
        if len(success) < 2500:
            raise RuntimeError('too few successful tests, not using stored timings')
        if len(failed) > 20:
            raise RuntimeError('too many failed tests, not using stored timings')
        expected = 12800.0       # Core i7 Quad-Core 2014
        return sum(success) / expected

    def _repr_(self):
        """
        String representation.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: repr(DC) # indirect doctest
            'DocTest Controller'
        """
        return "DocTest Controller"

    def load_stats(self, filename):
        """
        Load stats from the most recent run(s).

        Stats are stored as a JSON file, and include information on
        which files failed tests and the walltime used for execution
        of the doctests.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: import json
            sage: filename = tmp_filename()
            sage: with open(filename, 'w') as stats_file:
            ....:     json.dump({'sage.doctest.control':{u'walltime':1.0r}}, stats_file)
            sage: DC.load_stats(filename)
            sage: DC.stats['sage.doctest.control']
            {u'walltime': 1.0}

        If the file doesn't exist, nothing happens. If there is an
        error, print a message. In any case, leave the stats alone::

            sage: d = tmp_dir()
            sage: DC.load_stats(os.path.join(d))  # Cannot read a directory
            Error loading stats from ...
            sage: DC.load_stats(os.path.join(d, "no_such_file"))
            sage: DC.stats['sage.doctest.control']
            {u'walltime': 1.0}
        """
        # Simply ignore non-existing files
        if not os.path.exists(filename):
            return

        try:
            with open(filename) as stats_file:
                self.stats.update(json.load(stats_file))
        except Exception:
            self.log("Error loading stats from %s"%filename)

    def save_stats(self, filename):
        """
        Save stats from the most recent run as a JSON file.

        WARNING: This function overwrites the file.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: DC.stats['sage.doctest.control'] = {u'walltime':1.0r}
            sage: filename = tmp_filename()
            sage: DC.save_stats(filename)
            sage: import json
            sage: D = json.load(open(filename))
            sage: D['sage.doctest.control']
            {u'walltime': 1.0}
        """
        from sage.misc.temporary_file import atomic_write
        with atomic_write(filename) as stats_file:
            json.dump(self.stats, stats_file)

    def log(self, s, end="\n"):
        """
        Log the string ``s + end`` (where ``end`` is a newline by default)
        to the logfile and print it to the standard output.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(logfile=tmp_filename())
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: DC.log("hello world")
            hello world
            sage: DC.logfile.close()
            sage: print(open(DD.logfile).read())
            hello world

        In serial mode, check that logging works even if ``stdout`` is
        redirected::

            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(logfile=tmp_filename(), serial=True)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: from sage.doctest.forker import SageSpoofInOut
            sage: S = SageSpoofInOut(open(os.devnull, "w"))
            sage: S.start_spoofing()
            sage: DC.log("hello world")
            hello world
            sage: S.stop_spoofing()
            sage: DC.logfile.close()
            sage: print(open(DD.logfile).read())
            hello world

        Check that no duplicate logs appear, even when forking (:trac:`15244`)::

            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(logfile=tmp_filename())
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: DC.log("hello world")
            hello world
            sage: if os.fork() == 0:
            ....:     DC.logfile.close()
            ....:     os._exit(0)
            sage: DC.logfile.close()
            sage: print(open(DD.logfile).read())
            hello world

        """
        self.logger.write(s + end)
        self.logger.flush()

    def test_safe_directory(self, dir=None):
        """
        Test that the given directory is safe to run Python code from.

        We use the check added to Python for this, which gives a
        warning when the current directory is considered unsafe.  We promote
        this warning to an error with ``-Werror``.  See
        ``sage/tests/cmdline.py`` for a doctest that this works, see
        also :trac:`13579`.

        TESTS::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults()
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: DC.test_safe_directory()
            sage: d = os.path.join(tmp_dir(), "test")
            sage: os.mkdir(d)
            sage: os.chmod(d, 0o777)
            sage: DC.test_safe_directory(d)
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
            RuntimeError: refusing to run doctests...
        """
        import subprocess
        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as dev_null:
            if subprocess.call(['python', '-Werror', '-c', ''],
                    stdout=dev_null, stderr=dev_null, cwd=dir) != 0:
                raise RuntimeError(
                      "refusing to run doctests from the current "
                      "directory '{}' since untrusted users could put files in "
                      "this directory, making it unsafe to run Sage code from"
                      .format(os.getcwd()))

    def create_run_id(self):
        """
        Creates the run id.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: DC.create_run_id()
            Running doctests with ID ...
        """
        self.run_id = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S-') + "%08x" % random.getrandbits(32)
        self.log("Running doctests with ID %s."%self.run_id)

    def add_files(self):
        r"""
        Checks for the flags '--all', '--new' and '--sagenb'.

        For each one present, this function adds the appropriate directories and files to the todo list.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: log_location = os.path.join(SAGE_TMP, 'control_dt_log.log')
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(all=True, logfile=log_location)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: DC.add_files()
            Doctesting entire Sage library.
            sage: os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage') in DC.files
            True

        ::

            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(new = True)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: DC.add_files()
            Doctesting ...

        ::

            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(sagenb = True)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [])
            sage: DC.add_files()
            Doctesting the Sage notebook.
            sage: DC.files[0][-6:]
            'sagenb'
        """
        opj = os.path.join
        from sage.env import SAGE_SRC, SAGE_DOC_SRC, SAGE_ROOT
        DOT_GIT= opj(SAGE_ROOT, '.git')
        have_git = os.path.exists(DOT_GIT)
        def all_files():
            self.files.append(opj(SAGE_SRC, 'sage'))
            # Don't run these tests when not in the git repository; they are
            # of interest for building sage, but not for runtime behavior and
            # don't make sense to run outside a build environment
            if have_git:
                self.files.append(opj(SAGE_SRC, 'sage_setup'))
            self.files.append(SAGE_DOC_SRC)
            self.options.sagenb = True
        if self.options.all or (self.options.new and not have_git):
            self.log("Doctesting entire Sage library.")
            all_files()
        elif self.options.new and have_git:
            # Get all files changed in the working repo.
            self.log("Doctesting files changed since last git commit")
            import subprocess
            change = subprocess.check_output(["git",
                                              "--git-dir=" + DOT_GIT,
                                              "--work-tree=" + SAGE_ROOT,
                                              "status",
                                              "--porcelain"])
            change = change.decode('utf-8')
            for line in change.split("\n"):
                if not line:
                    continue
                data = line.strip().split(' ')
                status, filename = data[0], data[-1]
                if (set(status).issubset("MARCU")
                    and filename.startswith("src/sage")
                    and (filename.endswith(".py") or filename.endswith(".pyx"))):
                    self.files.append(os.path.relpath(opj(SAGE_ROOT,filename)))
        if self.options.sagenb:
            if not self.options.all:
                self.log("Doctesting the Sage notebook.")
            from pkg_resources import Requirement, working_set
            sagenb_loc = working_set.find(Requirement.parse('sagenb')).location
            self.files.append(opj(sagenb_loc, 'sagenb'))

    def expand_files_into_sources(self):
        r"""
        Expands ``self.files``, which may include directories, into a
        list of :class:`sage.doctest.FileDocTestSource`

        This function also handles the optional command line option.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: dirname = os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage', 'doctest')
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(optional='all')
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: len(DC.sources)
            11
            sage: DC.sources[0].options.optional
            True

        ::

            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(optional='magma,guava')
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: sorted(list(DC.sources[0].options.optional))
            ['guava', 'magma']

        We check that files are skipped appropriately::

            sage: dirname = tmp_dir()
            sage: filename = os.path.join(dirname, 'not_tested.py')
            sage: with open(filename, 'w') as f:
            ....:     _ = f.write("#"*80 + "\n\n\n\n## nodoctest\n    sage: 1+1\n    4")
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: DC.sources
            []

        The directory ``sage/doctest/tests`` contains ``nodoctest.py``
        but the files should still be tested when that directory is
        explicitly given (as opposed to being recursed into)::

            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage', 'doctest', 'tests')])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: len(DC.sources) >= 10
            True
        """
        def expand():
            for path in self.files:
                if os.path.isdir(path):
                    for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
                        for dir in list(dirs):
                            if dir[0] == "." or skipdir(os.path.join(root,dir)):
                                dirs.remove(dir)
                        for file in files:
                            if not skipfile(os.path.join(root,file)):
                                yield os.path.join(root, file)
                else:
                    # the user input this file explicitly, so we don't skip it
                    yield path
        self.sources = [FileDocTestSource(path, self.options) for path in expand()]

    def filter_sources(self):
        """

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: dirname = os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage', 'doctest')
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(failed=True)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: for i, source in enumerate(DC.sources):
            ....:     DC.stats[source.basename] = {'walltime': 0.1*(i+1)}
            sage: DC.stats['sage.doctest.control'] = {'failed':True,'walltime':1.0}
            sage: DC.filter_sources()
            Only doctesting files that failed last test.
            sage: len(DC.sources)
            1
        """
        # Filter the sources to only include those with failing doctests if the --failed option is passed
        if self.options.failed:
            self.log("Only doctesting files that failed last test.")
            def is_failure(source):
                basename = source.basename
                return basename not in self.stats or self.stats[basename].get('failed')
            self.sources = [x for x in self.sources if is_failure(x)]

    def sort_sources(self):
        r"""
        This function sorts the sources so that slower doctests are run first.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: dirname = os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage', 'doctest')
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(nthreads=2)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: DC.sources.sort(key=lambda s:s.basename)
            sage: for i, source in enumerate(DC.sources):
            ....:     DC.stats[source.basename] = {'walltime': 0.1*(i+1)}
            sage: DC.sort_sources()
            Sorting sources by runtime so that slower doctests are run first....
            sage: print("\n".join([source.basename for source in DC.sources]))
            sage.doctest.util
            sage.doctest.test
            sage.doctest.sources
            sage.doctest.reporting
            sage.doctest.parsing
            sage.doctest.forker
            sage.doctest.fixtures
            sage.doctest.external
            sage.doctest.control
            sage.doctest.all
            sage.doctest
        """
        if self.options.nthreads > 1 and len(self.sources) > self.options.nthreads:
            self.log("Sorting sources by runtime so that slower doctests are run first....")
            default = dict(walltime=0)
            def sort_key(source):
                basename = source.basename
                return -self.stats.get(basename, default).get('walltime'), basename
            self.sources = [x[1] for x in sorted((sort_key(source), source) for source in self.sources)]

    def run_doctests(self):
        """
        Actually runs the doctests.

        This function is called by :meth:`run`.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: dirname = os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage', 'rings', 'homset.py')
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults()
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: DC.run_doctests()
            Doctesting 1 file.
            sage -t .../sage/rings/homset.py
                [... tests, ... s]
            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            All tests passed!
            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            Total time for all tests: ... seconds
                cpu time: ... seconds
                cumulative wall time: ... seconds
        """
        nfiles = 0
        nother = 0
        for F in self.sources:
            if isinstance(F, FileDocTestSource):
                nfiles += 1
            else:
                nother += 1
        if self.sources:
            filestr = ", ".join(([count_noun(nfiles, "file")] if nfiles else []) +
                                ([count_noun(nother, "other source")] if nother else []))
            threads = " using %s threads"%(self.options.nthreads) if self.options.nthreads > 1 else ""
            iterations = []
            if self.options.global_iterations > 1:
                iterations.append("%s global iterations"%(self.options.global_iterations))
            if self.options.file_iterations > 1:
                iterations.append("%s file iterations"%(self.options.file_iterations))
            iterations = ", ".join(iterations)
            if iterations:
                iterations = " (%s)"%(iterations)
            self.log("Doctesting %s%s%s."%(filestr, threads, iterations))
            self.reporter = DocTestReporter(self)
            self.dispatcher = DocTestDispatcher(self)
            N = self.options.global_iterations
            for it in range(N):
                try:
                    self.timer = Timer().start()
                    self.dispatcher.dispatch()
                except KeyboardInterrupt:
                    it = N - 1
                    break
                finally:
                    self.timer.stop()
                    self.reporter.finalize()
                    self.cleanup(it == N - 1)
        else:
            self.log("No files to doctest")
            self.reporter = DictAsObject(dict(error_status=0))

    def cleanup(self, final=True):
        """
        Runs cleanup activities after actually running doctests.

        In particular, saves the stats to disk and closes the logfile.

        INPUT:

        - ``final`` -- whether to close the logfile

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: dirname = os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, 'sage', 'rings', 'infinity.py')
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults()

            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [dirname])
            sage: DC.expand_files_into_sources()
            sage: DC.sources.sort(key=lambda s:s.basename)

            sage: for i, source in enumerate(DC.sources):
            ....:     DC.stats[source.basename] = {'walltime': 0.1*(i+1)}
            ....:

            sage: DC.run()
            Running doctests with ID ...
            Doctesting 1 file.
            sage -t .../rings/infinity.py
                [... tests, ... s]
            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            All tests passed!
            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            Total time for all tests: ... seconds
                cpu time: ... seconds
                cumulative wall time: ... seconds
            0
            sage: DC.cleanup()
        """
        self.stats.update(self.reporter.stats)
        self.save_stats(self.options.stats_path)
        # Close the logfile
        if final and self.logfile is not None:
            self.logfile.close()
            self.logfile = None

    def _optional_tags_string(self):
        """
        Return a string describing the optional tags used.

        OUTPUT: a string with comma-separated tags (without spaces, so
        it can be used to build a command-line)

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(), [])
            sage: DC._optional_tags_string()
            'sage'
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(optional="all,and,some,more"), [])
            sage: DC._optional_tags_string()
            'all'
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(optional="sage,openssl"), [])
            sage: DC._optional_tags_string()
            'openssl,sage'
        """
        tags = self.options.optional
        if tags is True:
            return "all"
        else:
            return ",".join(sorted(tags))

    def _assemble_cmd(self):
        """
        Assembles a shell command used in running tests under gdb or valgrind.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DocTestDefaults(timeout=123), ["hello_world.py"])
            sage: print(DC._assemble_cmd())
            python "$SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-runtests" --serial --timeout=123 hello_world.py
        """
        cmd = '''python "%s" --serial '''%(os.path.join("$SAGE_LOCAL","bin","sage-runtests"))
        opt = dict_difference(self.options.__dict__, DocTestDefaults().__dict__)
        for o in ("all", "sagenb"):
            if o in opt:
                raise ValueError("You cannot run gdb/valgrind on the whole sage%s library"%("" if o == "all" else "nb"))
        for o in ("all", "sagenb", "long", "force_lib", "verbose", "failed", "new"):
            if o in opt:
                cmd += "--%s "%o
        for o in ("timeout", "randorder", "stats_path"):
            if o in opt:
                cmd += "--%s=%s "%(o, opt[o])
        if "optional" in opt:
            cmd += "--optional={} ".format(self._optional_tags_string())
        return cmd + " ".join(self.files)

    def run_val_gdb(self, testing=False):
        """
        Spawns a subprocess to run tests under the control of gdb or valgrind.

        INPUT:

        - ``testing`` -- boolean; if True then the command to be run
          will be printed rather than a subprocess started.

        EXAMPLES:

        Note that the command lines include unexpanded environment
        variables. It is safer to let the shell expand them than to
        expand them here and risk insufficient quoting. ::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(gdb=True)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, ["hello_world.py"])
            sage: DC.run_val_gdb(testing=True)
            exec gdb -x "$SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-gdb-commands" --args python "$SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-runtests" --serial --timeout=0 hello_world.py

        ::

            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults(valgrind=True, optional="all", timeout=172800)
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, ["hello_world.py"])
            sage: DC.run_val_gdb(testing=True)
            exec valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-resolution=high --leak-check=full --num-callers=25 --suppressions="$SAGE_LOCAL/lib/valgrind/sage.supp"  --log-file=".../valgrind/sage-memcheck.%p" python "$SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-runtests" --serial --timeout=172800 --optional=all hello_world.py
        """
        try:
            sage_cmd = self._assemble_cmd()
        except ValueError:
            self.log(sys.exc_info()[1])
            return 2
        opt = self.options
        if opt.gdb:
            cmd = '''exec gdb -x "$SAGE_LOCAL/bin/sage-gdb-commands" --args '''
            flags = ""
            if opt.logfile:
                sage_cmd += " --logfile %s"%(opt.logfile)
        else:
            if opt.logfile is None:
                default_log = os.path.join(DOT_SAGE, "valgrind")
                if os.path.exists(default_log):
                    if not os.path.isdir(default_log):
                        self.log("%s must be a directory"%default_log)
                        return 2
                else:
                    os.makedirs(default_log)
                logfile = os.path.join(default_log, "sage-%s")
            else:
                logfile = opt.logfile
            if opt.valgrind:
                toolname = "memcheck"
                flags = os.getenv("SAGE_MEMCHECK_FLAGS")
                if flags is None:
                    flags = "--leak-resolution=high --leak-check=full --num-callers=25 "
                    flags += '''--suppressions="%s" '''%(os.path.join("$SAGE_LOCAL","lib","valgrind","sage.supp"))
            elif opt.massif:
                toolname = "massif"
                flags = os.getenv("SAGE_MASSIF_FLAGS", "--depth=6 ")
            elif opt.cachegrind:
                toolname = "cachegrind"
                flags = os.getenv("SAGE_CACHEGRIND_FLAGS", "")
            elif opt.omega:
                toolname = "exp-omega"
                flags = os.getenv("SAGE_OMEGA_FLAGS", "")
            cmd = "exec valgrind --tool=%s "%(toolname)
            flags += ''' --log-file="%s" ''' % logfile
            if opt.omega:
                toolname = "omega"
            if "%s" in flags:
                flags %= toolname + ".%p" # replace %s with toolname
        cmd += flags + sage_cmd

        sys.stdout.flush()
        sys.stderr.flush()
        self.log(cmd)

        if testing:
            return

        # Setup signal handlers.
        # Save crash logs in temporary directory.
        os.putenv('CYSIGNALS_CRASH_LOGS', tmp_dir("crash_logs_"))
        init_cysignals()

        import signal, subprocess
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True)
        if opt.timeout > 0:
            signal.alarm(opt.timeout)
        try:
            return p.wait()
        except AlarmInterrupt:
            self.log("    Timed out")
            return 4
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            self.log("    Interrupted")
            return 128
        finally:
            signal.alarm(0)
            if p.returncode is None:
                p.terminate()

    def run(self):
        """
        This function is called after initialization to set up and run all doctests.

        EXAMPLES::

            sage: from sage.doctest.control import DocTestDefaults, DocTestController
            sage: from sage.env import SAGE_SRC
            sage: import os
            sage: DD = DocTestDefaults()
            sage: filename = os.path.join(SAGE_SRC, "sage", "sets", "non_negative_integers.py")
            sage: DC = DocTestController(DD, [filename])
            sage: DC.run()
            Running doctests with ID ...
            Doctesting 1 file.
            sage -t .../sage/sets/non_negative_integers.py
                [... tests, ... s]
            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            All tests passed!
            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
            Total time for all tests: ... seconds
                cpu time: ... seconds
                cumulative wall time: ... seconds
            0
        """
        opt = self.options
        L = (opt.gdb, opt.valgrind, opt.massif, opt.cachegrind, opt.omega)
        if any(L):
            if L.count(True) > 1:
                self.log("You may only specify one of gdb, valgrind/memcheck, massif, cachegrind, omega")
                return 2
            return self.run_val_gdb()
        else:
            self.test_safe_directory()
            self.create_run_id()
            from sage.env import SAGE_ROOT
            DOT_GIT= os.path.join(SAGE_ROOT, '.git')
            if os.path.isdir(DOT_GIT):
                import subprocess
                try:
                    branch = subprocess.check_output(["git",
                                                      "--git-dir=" + DOT_GIT,
                                                      "rev-parse",
                                                      "--abbrev-ref",
                                                      "HEAD"])
                    branch = branch.decode('utf-8')
                    self.log("Git branch: " + branch, end="")
                except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
                    pass

            self.log("Using --optional=" + self._optional_tags_string())
            if self.options.optional is True or 'external' in self.options.optional:
                self.log("External software to be detected: " + ','.join(external_software))

            self.add_files()
            self.expand_files_into_sources()
            self.filter_sources()
            self.sort_sources()
            self.run_doctests()

            if self.options.optional is True or 'external' in self.options.optional:
                self.log("External software detected for doctesting: "
                         + ','.join(available_software.seen()))
            return self.reporter.error_status

def run_doctests(module, options=None):
    """
    Runs the doctests in a given file.

    INPUT:

    - ``module`` -- a Sage module, a string, or a list of such.

    - ``options`` -- a DocTestDefaults object or None.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: run_doctests(sage.rings.infinity)
        Running doctests with ID ...
        Doctesting 1 file.
        sage -t .../sage/rings/infinity.py
            [... tests, ... s]
        ----------------------------------------------------------------------
        All tests passed!
        ----------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total time for all tests: ... seconds
            cpu time: ... seconds
            cumulative wall time: ... seconds
    """
    import sys
    sys.stdout.flush()
    def stringify(x):
        if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
            F = [stringify(a) for a in x]
            return sage.misc.flatten.flatten(F)
        elif isinstance(x, types.ModuleType):
            F = x.__file__.replace(SAGE_LIB, SAGE_SRC)
            base, pyfile = os.path.split(F)
            file, ext = os.path.splitext(pyfile)
            if ext == ".pyc":
                ext = ".py"
            elif ext == ".so":
                ext = ".pyx"
            if file == "__init__":
                return [base]
            else:
                return [os.path.join(base, file) + ext]
        elif isinstance(x, six.string_types):
            return [os.path.abspath(x)]
    F = stringify(module)
    if options is None:
        options = DocTestDefaults()
    DC = DocTestController(options, F)

    # Determine whether we're in doctest mode
    save_dtmode = sage.doctest.DOCTEST_MODE

    # We need the following if we're not in DOCTEST_MODE
    # Tell IPython to avoid colors: it screws up the output checking.
    if not save_dtmode:
        if options.debug:
            raise ValueError("You should not try to run doctests with a debugger from within Sage: IPython objects to embedded shells")
        IP = get_ipython()
        old_color = IP.colors
        IP.run_line_magic('colors', 'NoColor')
        old_config_color = IP.config.TerminalInteractiveShell.colors
        IP.config.TerminalInteractiveShell.colors = 'NoColor'

    try:
        DC.run()
    finally:
        sage.doctest.DOCTEST_MODE = save_dtmode
        if not save_dtmode:
            IP.run_line_magic('colors', old_color)
            IP.config.TerminalInteractiveShell.colors = old_config_color
