# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Block designs

A *block design* is a set together with a family of subsets (repeated subsets
are allowed) whose members are chosen to satisfy some set of properties that are
deemed useful for a particular application. See :wikipedia:`Block_design`.

REFERENCES:

.. [1] Block design from wikipedia,
  :wikipedia:`Block_design`

.. [2] What is a block design?,
  http://designtheory.org/library/extrep/extrep-1.1-html/node4.html (in 'The
  External Representation of Block Designs' by Peter J. Cameron, Peter
  Dobcsanyi, John P. Morgan, Leonard H. Soicher)

.. [Hu57] Daniel R. Hughes, "A class of non-Desarguesian projective planes",
   The Canadian Journal of Mathematics (1957), http://cms.math.ca/cjm/v9/p378

.. [We07] Charles Weibel, "Survey of Non-Desarguesian planes" (2007), notices of
   the AMS, vol. 54 num. 10, pages 1294--1303

AUTHORS:

- Quentin Honoré (2015): construction of Hughes plane :trac:`18527`

- Vincent Delecroix (2014): rewrite the part on projective planes :trac:`16281`

- Peter Dobcsanyi and David Joyner (2007-2008)

  This is a significantly modified form of the module block_design.py (version
  0.6) written by Peter Dobcsanyi peter@designtheory.org. Thanks go to Robert
  Miller for lots of good design suggestions.

.. TODO::

    Implement more finite non-Desarguesian plane as in [We07]_ and
    :wikipedia:`Non-Desarguesian_plane`.

Functions and methods
---------------------
"""

#*****************************************************************************
#       Copyright (C) 2007 Peter Dobcsanyi <peter@designtheory.org>
#       Copyright (C) 2007 David Joyner <wdjoyner@gmail.com>
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
#*****************************************************************************
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import absolute_import

from sage.modules.free_module import VectorSpace
from sage.rings.integer import Integer
from sage.rings.integer_ring import ZZ
from sage.arith.all import binomial, integer_floor, is_prime_power
from .incidence_structures import IncidenceStructure
from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import FiniteField
from sage.categories.sets_cat import EmptySetError
from sage.misc.unknown import Unknown
from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace


import six


BlockDesign = IncidenceStructure

###  utility functions  -------------------------------------------------------

def tdesign_params(t, v, k, L):
    """
    Return the design's parameters: `(t, v, b, r , k, L)`. Note that `t` must be
    given.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: BD = BlockDesign(7,[[0,1,2],[0,3,4],[0,5,6],[1,3,5],[1,4,6],[2,3,6],[2,4,5]])
        sage: from sage.combinat.designs.block_design import tdesign_params
        sage: tdesign_params(2,7,3,1)
        (2, 7, 7, 3, 3, 1)
    """
    x = binomial(v, t)
    y = binomial(k, t)
    b = divmod(L * x, y)[0]
    x = binomial(v-1, t-1)
    y = binomial(k-1, t-1)
    r = integer_floor(L * x/y)
    return (t, v, b, r, k, L)

def are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v, k, lmbda, return_parameters=False):
    r"""
    Return ``True`` if the parameters ``(v,k,lmbda)`` are the one of hyperplanes in
    a (finite Desarguesian) projective space.

    In other words, test whether there exists a prime power ``q`` and an integer
    ``d`` greater than two such that:

    - `v = (q^{d+1}-1)/(q-1) = q^d + q^{d-1} + ... + 1`
    - `k = (q^d - 1)/(q-1) = q^{d-1} + q^{d-2} + ... + 1`
    - `lmbda = (q^{d-1}-1)/(q-1) = q^{d-2} + q^{d-3} + ... + 1`

    If it exists, such a pair ``(q,d)`` is unique.

    INPUT:

    - ``v,k,lmbda`` (integers)

    OUTPUT:

    - a boolean or, if ``return_parameters`` is set to ``True`` a pair
      ``(True, (q,d))`` or ``(False, (None,None))``.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.combinat.designs.block_design import are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters
        sage: are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(40,13,4)
        True
        sage: are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(40,13,4,return_parameters=True)
        (True, (3, 3))
        sage: PG = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(3,2,GF(3))
        sage: PG.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 40, 13, 4))

        sage: are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(15,3,1)
        False
        sage: are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(15,3,1,return_parameters=True)
        (False, (None, None))

    TESTS::

        sage: sgp = lambda q,d: ((q**(d+1)-1)//(q-1), (q**d-1)//(q-1), (q**(d-1)-1)//(q-1))
        sage: for q in [3,4,5,7,8,9,11]:
        ....:     for d in [2,3,4,5]:
        ....:         v,k,l = sgp(q,d)
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v,k,l,True) == (True, (q,d))
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v+1,k,l) is False
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v-1,k,l) is False
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v,k+1,l) is False
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v,k-1,l) is False
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v,k,l+1) is False
        ....:         assert are_hyperplanes_in_projective_geometry_parameters(v,k,l-1) is False
    """
    import sage.arith.all as arith

    q1 = Integer(v - k)
    q2 = Integer(k - lmbda)

    if (lmbda <= 0 or q1 < 4 or q2 < 2 or
        not q1.is_prime_power() or
        not q2.is_prime_power()):
        return (False,(None,None)) if return_parameters else False

    p1,e1 = q1.factor()[0]
    p2,e2 = q2.factor()[0]

    k = arith.gcd(e1,e2)
    d = e1//k
    q = p1**k
    if e2//k != d-1 or lmbda != (q**(d-1)-1)//(q-1):
        return (False,(None,None)) if return_parameters else False

    return (True, (q,d)) if return_parameters else True

def ProjectiveGeometryDesign(n, d, F, algorithm=None, point_coordinates=True, check=True):
    r"""
    Return a projective geometry design.

    The projective geometry design `PG_d(n,q)` has for points the lines of
    `\GF{q}^{n+1}`, and for blocks the `d+1`-dimensional subspaces of
    `\GF{q}^{n+1}`, each of which contains `\frac {|\GF{q}|^{d+1}-1} {|\GF{q}|-1}` lines.
    It is a `2`-design with parameters

    .. MATH::

        v = \binom{n+1}{1}_q,\ k = \binom{d+1}{1}_q,\ \lambda =
        \binom{n-1}{d-1}_q

    where the `q`-binomial coefficient `\binom{m}{r}_q` is defined by

    .. MATH::

        \binom{m}{r}_q = \frac{(q^m - 1)(q^{m-1} - 1) \cdots (q^{m-r+1}-1)}
              {(q^r-1)(q^{r-1}-1)\cdots (q-1)}

    .. SEEALSO::

        :func:`AffineGeometryDesign`

    INPUT:

    - ``n`` is the projective dimension

    - ``d`` is the dimension of the subspaces which make up the blocks.

    - ``F`` -- a finite field or a prime power.

    - ``algorithm`` -- set to ``None`` by default, which results in using Sage's
      own implementation. In order to use GAP's implementation instead (i.e. its
      ``PGPointFlatBlockDesign`` function) set ``algorithm="gap"``. Note that
      GAP's "design" package must be available in this case, and that it can be
      installed with the ``gap_packages`` spkg.

    - ``point_coordinates`` -- ``True`` by default. Ignored and assumed to be ``False`` if
      ``algorithm="gap"``. If ``True``, the ground set is indexed by coordinates
      in `\GF{q}^{n+1}`.  Otherwise the ground set is indexed by integers.

    - ``check`` -- (optional, default to ``True``) whether to check the output.

    EXAMPLES:

    The set of `d`-dimensional subspaces in a `n`-dimensional projective space
    forms `2`-designs (or balanced incomplete block designs)::

        sage: PG = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(4, 2, GF(2))
        sage: PG
        Incidence structure with 31 points and 155 blocks
        sage: PG.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 31, 7, 7))

        sage: PG = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(3, 1, GF(4))
        sage: PG.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 85, 5, 1))

    Check with ``F`` being a prime power::

        sage: PG = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(3, 2, 4)
        sage: PG
        Incidence structure with 85 points and 85 blocks

    Use coordinates::

        sage: PG = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(2, 1, GF(3))
        sage: PG.blocks()[0]
        [(1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 2), (0, 0, 1)]

    Use indexing by integers::

        sage: PG = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(2,1,GF(3),point_coordinates=0)
        sage: PG.blocks()[0]
        [0, 1, 2, 12]

    Check that the constructor using gap also works::

        sage: BD = designs.ProjectiveGeometryDesign(2, 1, GF(2), algorithm="gap") # optional - gap_packages (design package)
        sage: BD.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)                              # optional - gap_packages (design package)
        (True, (2, 7, 3, 1))
    """
    try:
        q = int(F)
    except TypeError:
        q = F.cardinality()
    else:
        from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import GF
        F = GF(q)

    if algorithm is None:
        from sage.matrix.echelon_matrix import reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator

        points = {p:i for i,p in enumerate(reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator(F,1,n+1,copy=True,set_immutable=True))}
        blocks = []
        for m1 in reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator(F,d+1,n+1,copy=False):
            b = []
            for m2 in reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator(F,1,d+1,copy=False):
                m = m2*m1
                m.echelonize()
                m.set_immutable()
                b.append(points[m])
            blocks.append(b)
        B = BlockDesign(len(points), blocks, name="ProjectiveGeometryDesign", check=check)
        if point_coordinates:
            B.relabel({i:p[0] for p,i in six.iteritems(points)})

    elif algorithm == "gap":   # Requires GAP's Design
        from sage.interfaces.gap import gap
        gap.load_package("design")
        gap.eval("D := PGPointFlatBlockDesign( %s, %s, %d )"%(n,F.order(),d))
        v = eval(gap.eval("D.v"))
        gblcks = eval(gap.eval("D.blocks"))
        gB = []
        for b in gblcks:
            gB.append([x-1 for x in b])
        B = BlockDesign(v, gB, name="ProjectiveGeometryDesign", check=check)

    if check:
        from sage.combinat.q_analogues import q_binomial
        q = F.cardinality()
        if not B.is_t_design(t=2, v=q_binomial(n+1,1,q),
                                  k=q_binomial(d+1,1,q),
                                  l=q_binomial(n-1, d-1, q)):
            raise RuntimeError("error in ProjectiveGeometryDesign "
                    "construction. Please e-mail sage-devel@googlegroups.com")
    return B


def DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(n, point_coordinates=True, check=True):
    r"""
    Return the Desarguesian projective plane of order ``n`` as a 2-design.

    The Desarguesian projective plane of order `n` can also be defined as the
    projective plane over a field of order `n`. For more information, have a
    look at :wikipedia:`Projective_plane`.

    INPUT:

    - ``n`` -- an integer which must be a power of a prime number

    - ``point_coordinates`` (boolean) -- whether to label the points with their
      homogeneous coordinates (default) or with integers.

    - ``check`` -- (boolean) Whether to check that output is correct before
      returning it. As this is expected to be useless (but we are cautious
      guys), you may want to disable it whenever you want speed. Set to
      ``True`` by default.

    .. SEEALSO::

        :func:`ProjectiveGeometryDesign`

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(2)
        (7,3,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(3)
        (13,4,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(4)
        (21,5,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(5)
        (31,6,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(6)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        ValueError: the order of a finite field must be a prime power

    """
    K = FiniteField(n, 'a')
    n2 = n**2
    relabel = {x:i for i,x in enumerate(K)}
    Kiter = relabel  # it is much faster to iterate throug a dict than through
                     # the finite field K

    # we decompose the (equivalence class) of points [x:y:z] of the projective
    # plane into an affine plane, an affine line and a point. At the same time,
    # we relabel the points with the integers from 0 to n^2 + n as follows:
    # - the affine plane is the set of points [x:y:1] (i.e. the third coordinate
    #   is non-zero) and gets relabeled from 0 to n^2-1
    affine_plane   = lambda x,y: relabel[x] + n * relabel[y]

    # - the affine line is the set of points [x:1:0] (i.e. the third coordinate is
    #   zero but not the second one) and gets relabeld from n^2 to n^2 + n - 1
    line_infinity  = lambda x: n2 + relabel[x]

    # - the point is [1:0:0] and gets relabeld n^2 + n
    point_infinity = n2 + n

    blcks = []

    # the n^2 lines of the form "x = sy + az"
    for s in Kiter:
        for a in Kiter:
            # points in the affine plane
            blcks.append([affine_plane(s*y+a, y) for y in Kiter])
            # point at infinity
            blcks[-1].append(line_infinity(s))

    # the n horizontals of the form "y = az"
    for a in Kiter:
        # points in the affine plane
        blcks.append([affine_plane(x,a) for x in Kiter])
        # point at infinity
        blcks[-1].append(point_infinity)

    # the line at infinity "z = 0"
    blcks.append(range(n2,n2+n+1))
    if check:
        from .designs_pyx import is_projective_plane
        if not is_projective_plane(blcks):
            raise RuntimeError('There is a problem in the function DesarguesianProjectivePlane')
    from .bibd import BalancedIncompleteBlockDesign
    B = BalancedIncompleteBlockDesign(n2+n+1, blcks, check=check)

    if point_coordinates:
        zero = K.zero()
        one  = K.one()
        d = {affine_plane(x,y): (x,y,one)
             for x in Kiter
             for y in Kiter}
        d.update({line_infinity(x): (x,one,zero)
                  for x in Kiter})
        d[n2+n]=(one,zero,zero)
        B.relabel(d)

    return B

def q3_minus_one_matrix(K):
    r"""
    Return a companion matrix in `GL(3, K)` whose multiplicative order is `q^3 - 1`.

    This function is used in :func:`HughesPlane`

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.combinat.designs.block_design import q3_minus_one_matrix
        sage: m = q3_minus_one_matrix(GF(3))
        sage: m.multiplicative_order() == 3**3 - 1
        True

        sage: m = q3_minus_one_matrix(GF(4,'a'))
        sage: m.multiplicative_order() == 4**3 - 1
        True

        sage: m = q3_minus_one_matrix(GF(5))
        sage: m.multiplicative_order() == 5**3 - 1
        True

        sage: m = q3_minus_one_matrix(GF(9,'a'))
        sage: m.multiplicative_order() == 9**3 - 1
        True
    """
    q = K.cardinality()
    M = MatrixSpace(K, 3)

    if q.is_prime():
        from sage.rings.finite_rings.conway_polynomials import conway_polynomial
        try:
            a,b,c,_ = conway_polynomial(q, 3)
        except RuntimeError:  # the polynomial is not in the database
            pass
        else:
            return M([0,0,-a,1,0,-b,0,1,-c])

    m = M()
    m[1,0] = m[2,1] = K.one()
    while True:
        m[0,2] = K._random_nonzero_element()
        m[1,2] = K.random_element()
        m[2,2] = K.random_element()
        if m.multiplicative_order() == q**3 - 1:
            return m

def normalize_hughes_plane_point(p, q):
    r"""
    Return the normalized form of point ``p`` as a 3-tuple.

    In the Hughes projective plane over the finite field `K`, all triples `(xk,
    yk, zk)` with `k \in K` represent the same point (where the multiplication
    is over the nearfield built from `K`). This function chooses a canonical
    representative among them.

    This function is used in :func:`HughesPlane`.

    INPUT:

    - ``p`` - point with the coordinates (x,y,z) (a list, a vector, a tuple...)

    - ``q`` - cardinality of the underlying finite field

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.combinat.designs.block_design import normalize_hughes_plane_point
        sage: K = FiniteField(9,'x')
        sage: x = K.gen()
        sage: normalize_hughes_plane_point((x, x+1, x), 9)
        (1, x, 1)
        sage: normalize_hughes_plane_point(vector((x,x,x)), 9)
        (1, 1, 1)
        sage: zero = K.zero()
        sage: normalize_hughes_plane_point((2*x+2, zero, zero), 9)
        (1, 0, 0)
        sage: one = K.one()
        sage: normalize_hughes_plane_point((2*x, one, zero), 9)
        (2*x, 1, 0)
    """
    for i in [2,1,0]:
        if p[i].is_one():
            return tuple(p)
        elif not p[i].is_zero():
            k = ~p[i]
            if k.is_square():
                return (p[0] * k,p[1] * k,p[2] * k)
            else:
                return ((p[0] * k)**q,(p[1]*k)**q,(p[2]*k)**q)

def HughesPlane(q2, check=True):
    r"""
    Return the Hughes projective plane of order ``q2``.

    Let `q` be an odd prime, the Hughes plane of order `q^2` is a finite
    projective plane of order `q^2` introduced by D. Hughes in [Hu57]_. Its
    construction is as follows.

    Let `K = GF(q^2)` be a finite field with `q^2` elements and `F = GF(q)
    \subset K` be its unique subfield with `q` elements. We define a twisted
    multiplication on `K` as

    .. MATH::

        x \circ y =
        \begin{cases}
        x\ y & \text{if y is a square in K}\\
        x^q\ y & \text{otherwise}
        \end{cases}

    The points of the Hughes plane are the triples `(x, y, z)` of points in `K^3
    \backslash \{0,0,0\}` up to the equivalence relation `(x,y,z) \sim (x \circ
    k, y \circ k, z \circ k)` where `k \in K`.

    For `a = 1` or `a \in (K \backslash F)` we define a block `L(a)` as the set of
    triples `(x,y,z)` so that `x + a \circ y + z = 0`. The rest of the blocks
    are obtained by letting act the group `GL(3, F)` by its standard action.

    For more information, see :wikipedia:`Hughes_plane` and [We07].

    .. SEEALSO::

        :func:`DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign` to build the Desarguesian
        projective planes

    INPUT:

    - ``q2`` -- an even power of an odd prime number

    - ``check`` -- (boolean) Whether to check that output is correct before
      returning it. As this is expected to be useless (but we are cautious
      guys), you may want to disable it whenever you want speed. Set to
      ``True`` by default.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: H = designs.HughesPlane(9)
        sage: H
        (91,10,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design

    We prove in the following computations that the Desarguesian plane ``H`` is
    not Desarguesian. Let us consider the two triangles `(0,1,10)` and `(57, 70,
    59)`. We show that the intersection points `D_{0,1} \cap D_{57,70}`,
    `D_{1,10} \cap D_{70,59}` and `D_{10,0} \cap D_{59,57}` are on the same line
    while `D_{0,70}`, `D_{1,59}` and `D_{10,57}` are not concurrent::

        sage: blocks = H.blocks()
        sage: line = lambda p,q: next(b for b in blocks if p in b and q in b)

        sage: b_0_1 = line(0, 1)
        sage: b_1_10 = line(1, 10)
        sage: b_10_0 = line(10, 0)
        sage: b_57_70 = line(57, 70)
        sage: b_70_59 = line(70, 59)
        sage: b_59_57 = line(59, 57)

        sage: set(b_0_1).intersection(b_57_70)
        {2}
        sage: set(b_1_10).intersection(b_70_59)
        {73}
        sage: set(b_10_0).intersection(b_59_57)
        {60}

        sage: line(2, 73) == line(73, 60)
        True

        sage: b_0_57 = line(0, 57)
        sage: b_1_70 = line(1, 70)
        sage: b_10_59 = line(10, 59)

        sage: p = set(b_0_57).intersection(b_1_70)
        sage: q = set(b_1_70).intersection(b_10_59)
        sage: p == q
        False

    TESTS:

    Some wrong input::

        sage: designs.HughesPlane(5)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        EmptySetError: No Hughes plane of non-square order exists.

        sage: designs.HughesPlane(16)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        EmptySetError: No Hughes plane of even order exists.

    Check that it works for non-prime `q`::

        sage: designs.HughesPlane(3**4)    # not tested - 10 secs
        (6643,82,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
    """
    if not q2.is_square():
        raise EmptySetError("No Hughes plane of non-square order exists.")
    if q2%2 == 0:
        raise EmptySetError("No Hughes plane of even order exists.")
    q = q2.sqrt()
    K = FiniteField(q2, prefix='x')
    F = FiniteField(q, prefix='y')
    A = q3_minus_one_matrix(F)
    A = A.change_ring(K)
    m = K.list()
    V = VectorSpace(K, 3)
    zero = K.zero()
    one = K.one()
    points = [(x, y, one) for x in m for y in m] + \
             [(x, one, zero) for x in m] + \
             [(one, zero, zero)]
    relabel = {tuple(p):i for i,p in enumerate(points)}
    blcks = []
    for a in m:
        if a not in F or a == 1:
            # build L(a)
            aa = ~a
            l = []
            l.append(V((-a, one, zero)))
            for x in m:
                y = - aa * (x+one)
                if not y.is_square():
                    y *= aa**(q-1)
                l.append(V((x, y, one)))
            # compute the orbit of L(a)
            blcks.append([relabel[normalize_hughes_plane_point(p,q)] for p in l])
            for i in range(q2 + q):
                l = [A*j for j in l]
                blcks.append([relabel[normalize_hughes_plane_point(p,q)] for p in l])
    from .bibd import BalancedIncompleteBlockDesign
    return BalancedIncompleteBlockDesign(q2**2+q2+1, blcks, check=check)

def projective_plane_to_OA(pplane, pt=None, check=True):
    r"""
    Return the orthogonal array built from the projective plane ``pplane``.

    The orthogonal array `OA(n+1,n,2)` is obtained from the projective plane
    ``pplane`` by removing the point ``pt`` and the `n+1` lines that pass
    through it`. These `n+1` lines form the `n+1` groups while the remaining
    `n^2+n` lines form the transversals.

    INPUT:

    - ``pplane`` - a projective plane as a 2-design

    - ``pt`` - a point in the projective plane ``pplane``. If it is not provided
      then it is set to `n^2 + n`.

    - ``check`` -- (boolean) Whether to check that output is correct before
      returning it. As this is expected to be useless (but we are cautious
      guys), you may want to disable it whenever you want speed. Set to
      ``True`` by default.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: from sage.combinat.designs.block_design import projective_plane_to_OA
        sage: p2 = designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(2,point_coordinates=False)
        sage: projective_plane_to_OA(p2)
        [[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1], [1, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0]]
        sage: p3 = designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(3,point_coordinates=False)
        sage: projective_plane_to_OA(p3)
        [[0, 0, 0, 0],
         [0, 1, 2, 1],
         [0, 2, 1, 2],
         [1, 0, 2, 2],
         [1, 1, 1, 0],
         [1, 2, 0, 1],
         [2, 0, 1, 1],
         [2, 1, 0, 2],
         [2, 2, 2, 0]]

        sage: pp = designs.DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(16,point_coordinates=False)
        sage: _ = projective_plane_to_OA(pp, pt=0)
        sage: _ = projective_plane_to_OA(pp, pt=3)
        sage: _ = projective_plane_to_OA(pp, pt=7)
    """
    from .bibd import _relabel_bibd
    pplane = pplane.blocks()
    n = len(pplane[0]) - 1

    if pt is None:
        pt = n**2+n

    assert len(pplane) == n**2+n+1, "pplane is not a projective plane"
    assert all(len(B) == n+1 for B in pplane), "pplane is not a projective plane"

    pplane = _relabel_bibd(pplane,n**2+n+1,p=n**2+n)
    OA = [[x%n for x in sorted(X)] for X in pplane if not n**2+n in X]

    assert len(OA) == n**2, "pplane is not a projective plane"

    if check:
        from .designs_pyx import is_orthogonal_array
        is_orthogonal_array(OA,n+1,n,2)

    return OA

def projective_plane(n, check=True, existence=False):
    r"""
    Return a projective plane of order ``n`` as a 2-design.

    A finite projective plane is a 2-design with `n^2+n+1` lines (or blocks) and
    `n^2+n+1` points. For more information on finite projective planes, see the
    :wikipedia:`Projective_plane#Finite_projective_planes`.

    If no construction is possible, then the function raises a ``EmptySetError``
    whereas if no construction is available the function raises a
    ``NotImplementedError``.

    INPUT:

    - ``n`` -- the finite projective plane's order

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: designs.projective_plane(2)
        (7,3,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.projective_plane(3)
        (13,4,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.projective_plane(4)
        (21,5,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.projective_plane(5)
        (31,6,1)-Balanced Incomplete Block Design
        sage: designs.projective_plane(6)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        EmptySetError: By the Bruck-Ryser theorem, no projective plane of order 6 exists.
        sage: designs.projective_plane(10)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        EmptySetError: No projective plane of order 10 exists by C. Lam, L. Thiel and S. Swiercz "The nonexistence of finite projective planes of order 10" (1989), Canad. J. Math.
        sage: designs.projective_plane(12)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        NotImplementedError: If such a projective plane exists, we do not know how to build it.
        sage: designs.projective_plane(14)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        EmptySetError: By the Bruck-Ryser theorem, no projective plane of order 14 exists.

    TESTS::

        sage: designs.projective_plane(2197, existence=True)
        True
        sage: designs.projective_plane(6, existence=True)
        False
        sage: designs.projective_plane(10, existence=True)
        False
        sage: designs.projective_plane(12, existence=True)
        Unknown
    """
    from sage.rings.sum_of_squares import is_sum_of_two_squares_pyx

    if n <= 1:
        if existence:
            return False
        raise EmptySetError("There is no projective plane of order <= 1")

    if n == 10:
        if existence:
            return False
        ref = ("C. Lam, L. Thiel and S. Swiercz \"The nonexistence of finite "
               "projective planes of order 10\" (1989), Canad. J. Math.")
        raise EmptySetError("No projective plane of order 10 exists by %s"%ref)

    if (n%4) in [1,2] and not is_sum_of_two_squares_pyx(n):
        if existence:
            return False
        raise EmptySetError("By the Bruck-Ryser theorem, no projective"
                         " plane of order {} exists.".format(n))

    if not is_prime_power(n):
        if existence:
            return Unknown
        raise NotImplementedError("If such a projective plane exists, we do "
                                  "not know how to build it.")

    if existence:
        return True
    else:
        return DesarguesianProjectivePlaneDesign(n, point_coordinates=False, check=check)

def AffineGeometryDesign(n, d, F, point_coordinates=True, check=True):
    r"""
    Return an affine geometry design.

    The affine geometry design `AG_d(n,q)` is the 2-design whose blocks are the
    `d`-vector subspaces in `\GF{q}^n`. It has parameters

    .. MATH::

        v = q^n,\ k = q^d,\ \lambda = \binom{n-1}{d-1}_q

    where the `q`-binomial coefficient `\binom{m}{r}_q` is defined by

    .. MATH::

        \binom{m}{r}_q = \frac{(q^m - 1)(q^{m-1} - 1) \cdots (q^{m-r+1}-1)}
              {(q^r-1)(q^{r-1}-1)\cdots (q-1)}

    .. SEEALSO::

        :func:`ProjectiveGeometryDesign`

    INPUT:

    - ``n`` (integer) -- the Euclidean dimension. The number of points of the
      design is `v=|\GF{q}^n|`.

    - ``d`` (integer) -- the dimension of the (affine) subspaces of `\GF{q}^n`
      which make up the blocks.

    - ``F`` -- a finite field or a prime power.

    - ``point_coordinates`` -- (optional, default ``True``) whether we use
      coordinates in `\GF{q}^n` or plain integers for the points of the design.

    - ``check`` -- (optional, default ``True``) whether to check the output.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: BD = designs.AffineGeometryDesign(3, 1, GF(2))
        sage: BD.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 8, 2, 1))
        sage: BD = designs.AffineGeometryDesign(3, 2, GF(4))
        sage: BD.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 64, 16, 5))
        sage: BD = designs.AffineGeometryDesign(4, 2, GF(3))
        sage: BD.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 81, 9, 13))

    With ``F`` an integer instead of a finite field::

        sage: BD = designs.AffineGeometryDesign(3, 2, 4)
        sage: BD.is_t_design(return_parameters=True)
        (True, (2, 64, 16, 5))

    Testing the option ``point_coordinates``::

        sage: designs.AffineGeometryDesign(3, 1, GF(2), point_coordinates=True).blocks()[0]
        [(0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1)]
        sage: designs.AffineGeometryDesign(3, 1, GF(2), point_coordinates=False).blocks()[0]
        [0, 1]
    """
    try:
        q = int(F)
    except TypeError:
        q = F.cardinality()
    else:
        from sage.rings.finite_rings.finite_field_constructor import GF
        F = GF(q)

    n = int(n)
    d = int(d)

    from itertools import islice
    from sage.combinat.q_analogues import q_binomial
    from sage.matrix.echelon_matrix import reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator

    points = {p:i for i,p in enumerate(reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator(F,1,n+1,copy=True,set_immutable=True)) if p[0,0]}

    blocks = []
    l1 = q_binomial(n+1, d+1, q) - q_binomial(n, d+1, q)
    l2 = q**d
    for m1 in islice(reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator(F,d+1,n+1,copy=False), l1):
        b = []
        for m2 in islice(reduced_echelon_matrix_iterator(F,1,d+1,copy=False), l2):
            m = m2*m1
            m.echelonize()
            m.set_immutable()
            b.append(points[m])
        blocks.append(b)

    B = BlockDesign(len(points), blocks, name="AffineGeometryDesign", check=check)

    if point_coordinates:
        rd = {i:p[0][1:] for p,i in six.iteritems(points)}
        for v in rd.values(): v.set_immutable()
        B.relabel(rd)

    if check:
        if not B.is_t_design(t=2, v=q**n, k=q**d, l=q_binomial(n-1, d-1, q)):
            raise RuntimeError("error in AffineGeometryDesign "
                    "construction. Please e-mail sage-devel@googlegroups.com")
    return B

def CremonaRichmondConfiguration():
    r"""
    Return the Cremona-Richmond configuration

    The Cremona-Richmond configuration is a set system whose incidence graph
    is equal to the
    :meth:`~sage.graphs.graph_generators.GraphGenerators.TutteCoxeterGraph`. It
    is a generalized quadrangle of parameters `(2,2)`.

    For more information, see the
    :wikipedia:`Cremona-Richmond_configuration`.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: H = designs.CremonaRichmondConfiguration(); H
        Incidence structure with 15 points and 15 blocks
        sage: g = graphs.TutteCoxeterGraph()
        sage: H.incidence_graph().is_isomorphic(g)
        True
    """
    from sage.graphs.generators.smallgraphs import TutteCoxeterGraph
    from sage.combinat.designs.incidence_structures import IncidenceStructure
    g = TutteCoxeterGraph()
    H = IncidenceStructure([g.neighbors(v)
                            for v in g.bipartite_sets()[0]])
    H.relabel()
    return H

def WittDesign(n):
    """
    INPUT:

    - ``n`` is in `9,10,11,12,21,22,23,24`.

    Wraps GAP Design's WittDesign. If ``n=24`` then this function returns the
    large Witt design `W_{24}`, the unique (up to isomorphism) `5-(24,8,1)`
    design. If ``n=12`` then this function returns the small Witt design
    `W_{12}`, the unique (up to isomorphism) `5-(12,6,1)` design.  The other
    values of `n` return a block design derived from these.

    .. NOTE::

        Requires GAP's Design package (included in the gap_packages Sage spkg).

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: BD = designs.WittDesign(9)             # optional - gap_packages (design package)
        sage: BD.is_t_design(return_parameters=True) # optional - gap_packages (design package)
        (True, (2, 9, 3, 1))
        sage: BD                             # optional - gap_packages (design package)
        Incidence structure with 9 points and 12 blocks
        sage: print(BD)                      # optional - gap_packages (design package)
        Incidence structure with 9 points and 12 blocks
    """
    from sage.interfaces.gap import gap
    gap.load_package("design")
    gap.eval("B:=WittDesign(%s)"%n)
    v = eval(gap.eval("B.v"))
    gblcks = eval(gap.eval("B.blocks"))
    gB = []
    for b in gblcks:
       gB.append([x-1 for x in b])
    return BlockDesign(v, gB, name="WittDesign", check=True)


def HadamardDesign(n):
    """
    As described in Section 1, p. 10, in [CvL]. The input n must have the
    property that there is a Hadamard matrix of order `n+1` (and that a
    construction of that Hadamard matrix has been implemented...).

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: designs.HadamardDesign(7)
        Incidence structure with 7 points and 7 blocks
        sage: print(designs.HadamardDesign(7))
        Incidence structure with 7 points and 7 blocks

    For example, the Hadamard 2-design with `n = 11` is a design whose parameters are 2-(11, 5, 2).
    We verify that `NJ = 5J` for this design. ::

        sage: D = designs.HadamardDesign(11); N = D.incidence_matrix()
        sage: J = matrix(ZZ, 11, 11, [1]*11*11); N*J
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]
        [5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5]

    REFERENCES:

    - [CvL] P. Cameron, J. H. van Lint, Designs, graphs, codes and
      their links, London Math. Soc., 1991.
    """
    from sage.combinat.matrices.hadamard_matrix import hadamard_matrix
    from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix
    H = hadamard_matrix(n+1) #assumed to be normalised.
    H1 = H.matrix_from_columns(range(1,n+1))
    H2 = H1.matrix_from_rows(range(1,n+1))
    J = matrix(ZZ,n,n,[1]*n*n)
    MS = J.parent()
    A = MS((H2+J)/2) # convert -1's to 0's; coerce entries to ZZ
    # A is the incidence matrix of the block design
    return IncidenceStructure(incidence_matrix=A,name="HadamardDesign")

def Hadamard3Design(n):
    """
    Return the Hadamard 3-design with parameters `3-(n, \\frac n 2, \\frac n 4 - 1)`.

    This is the unique extension of the Hadamard `2`-design (see
    :meth:`HadamardDesign`).  We implement the description from pp. 12 in
    [CvL]_.

    INPUT:

    - ``n`` (integer) -- a multiple of 4 such that `n>4`.

    EXAMPLES::

        sage: designs.Hadamard3Design(12)
        Incidence structure with 12 points and 22 blocks

    We verify that any two blocks of the Hadamard `3`-design `3-(8, 4, 1)`
    design meet in `0` or `2` points. More generally, it is true that any two
    blocks of a Hadamard `3`-design meet in `0` or `\\frac{n}{4}` points (for `n
    > 4`).

    ::

        sage: D = designs.Hadamard3Design(8)
        sage: N = D.incidence_matrix()
        sage: N.transpose()*N
        [4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0]
        [2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2]
        [2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2]
        [2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 2 2 2 4 0 2 2 2 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 2 2 2 0 4 2 2 2 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2]
        [2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2]
        [2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2]
        [2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2]
        [0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4]


    REFERENCES:

    .. [CvL] \P. Cameron, J. H. van Lint, Designs, graphs, codes and
      their links, London Math. Soc., 1991.
    """
    if n == 1 or n == 4:
        raise ValueError("The Hadamard design with n = %s does not extend to a three design." % n)
    from sage.combinat.matrices.hadamard_matrix import hadamard_matrix
    from sage.matrix.constructor import matrix, block_matrix
    H = hadamard_matrix(n) #assumed to be normalised.
    H1 = H.matrix_from_columns(range(1, n))
    J = matrix(ZZ, n, n-1, [1]*(n-1)*n)
    A1 = (H1+J)/2
    A2 = (J-H1)/2
    A = block_matrix(1, 2, [A1, A2]) #the incidence matrix of the design.
    return IncidenceStructure(incidence_matrix=A, name="HadamardThreeDesign")
