git-annex can transfer data to and from configured git remotes.
Normally those remotes are normal git repositories (bare and non-bare;
local and remote), that store the file contents in their own git-annex
directory.

But, git-annex also extends git's concept of remotes, with these special
types of remotes. These can be used by git-annex to store and retrieve
the content of files. They cannot be used by other git commands, and
the git history is not stored in them.

* [[adb]] (for Android devices)
* [[Amazon_Glacier|glacier]]
* [[bittorrent]]
* [[bup]]
* [[ddar]]
* [[directory]]
* [[gcrypt]] (encrypted git repositories!)
* [[git-lfs]]
* [[hook]]
* [[rsync]]
* [[S3]] (Amazon S3, and other compatible services)
* [[tahoe]]
* [[tor]]
* [[web]]
* [[webdav]]
* [[git]]
* [[httpalso]]
* [[xmpp]]

The above special remotes are built into git-annex, and can be used
to tie git-annex into many cloud services.

Here are specific instructions for using git-annex with various services:

* [[Amazon_Glacier|tips/using_Amazon_Glacier]]
* [[Amazon_S3|tips/using_Amazon_S3]]
* [[Backblaze B2|tips/using_Backblaze_B2]]
* [[Box.com|tips/using_box.com_as_a_special_remote]]
* [Ceph](https://github.com/mhameed/git-annex-remote-ceph)
* [chef-vault](https://github.com/3ofcoins/knife-annex/)
* [[Dropbox|tips/dropboxannex]]
* [[FTP|rclone]]
* [[Flickr|tips/flickrannex]]
* [Freenet and Siacoin Skynet](https://github.com/xloem/gitlakepy)
* [[Google Cloud Storage|tips/using_Google_Cloud_Storage]]
* [[Google Drive|tips/using_Google_Drive]]
* [[hubiC|tips/using_Hubic]]
* [[IMAP|forum/special_remote_for_IMAP]]
* [[tips/Internet_Archive_via_S3]]
* [[ipfs]]
* [[Jottacloud|rclone]]
* [[Mega|tips/megaannex]]
* [[Microsoft Azure Blob Storage|rclone]]
* [[Microsoft OneDrive|rclone]]
* [[OpenDrive|rclone]]
* [[Openstack Swift / Rackspace cloud files / Memset Memstore|rclone]]
* [[OwnCloud|tips/owncloudannex]]
* [[pCloud|rclone]]
* [[QingStor|rclone]]
* [[SFTP|rclone]]
* [[SkyDrive|tips/skydriveannex]]
* [smb / sftp](https://github.com/grawity/code/blob/master/net/git-annex-remote-gvfs)
* [[Usenet|forum/nntp__47__usenet special remote]]
* [[Yandex Disk|rclone]]

If a service is not mentioned above, it's worth checking if 
[rclone](https://rclone.org/) supports it, then you can use the
[[rclone_special_remote|rclone]].

Want to add support for something else? [[Write your own!|external]]

## Ways to use special remotes

There are many use cases for a special remote. You could use it as a
backup. You could use it to archive files offline in a drive with
encryption enabled so if the drive is stolen your data is not. You could
git annex move --to specialremote large files when your local drive is
getting full, and then git annex move the files back when free space is
again available. You could have one repository copy files to a special
remote, and then git annex get them on another repository, to transfer the
files between computers that do not communicate directly. 

The git-annex assistant makes it easy to set up rsync remotes using this
last scenario, which is referred to as a transfer repository, and arranges
to drop files from the transfer repository once they have been transferred
to all known clients.

None of these use cases are particular to particular special remote types.
Most special remotes can all be used in these and other ways. It largely
doesn't matter for your use what underlying transport the special remote
uses.

## Unused content on special remotes

Over time, special remotes can accumulate file content that is no longer
referred to by files in git. Normally, unused content in the current
repository is found by running `git annex unused`. To detect unused content
on special remotes, instead use `git annex unused --from`. Example:

	$ git annex unused --from mys3
	unused mys3 (checking for unused data...) 
	  Some annexed data on mys3 is not used by any files in this repository.
	    NUMBER  KEY
	    1       WORM-s3-m1301674316--foo
	  (To see where data was previously used, try: git log --stat -S'KEY')
	  (To remove unwanted data: git-annex dropunused --from mys3 NUMBER)
	$ git annex dropunused --from mys3 1
	dropunused 12948 (from mys3...) ok

## Testing special remotes

To make sure that a special remote is working correctly, you can use the
`git annex testremote` command. This expects you to have set up the remote
as usual, and it then runs a lot of tests, using random data. It's
particularly useful to test new implementations of special remotes.

By default it will upload and download files of around 1MiB to the remote
it tests; the `--size` parameter can adjust it to test using smaller files.

It's safe to use this command even when you're already storing data in a
remote; it won't touch your existing files stored on the remote.

For most remotes, it also won't bloat the remote with any data, since
it cleans up the stuff it uploads. However, the bup, ddar, and tahoe
special remotes don't support removal of uploaded files, so be careful
with those.
