


JOSE Working Group                                              M. Jones
Internet-Draft                                                 Microsoft
Intended status: Standards Track                        January 16, 2015
Expires: July 20, 2015


                           JSON Web Key (JWK)
                    draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key-41

Abstract

   A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) data
   structure that represents a cryptographic key.  This specification
   also defines a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) JSON data structure that
   represents a set of JWKs.  Cryptographic algorithms and identifiers
   for use with this specification are described in the separate JSON
   Web Algorithms (JWA) specification and IANA registries defined by
   that specification.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on July 20, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of



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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     1.1.  Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Example JWK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  JSON Web Key (JWK) Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.1.  "kty" (Key Type) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.2.  "use" (Public Key Use) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.3.  "key_ops" (Key Operations) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     4.4.  "alg" (Algorithm) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.5.  "kid" (Key ID) Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.6.  "x5u" (X.509 URL) Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.7.  "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Parameter  . . . . . . . .  9
     4.8.  "x5t" (X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint) Parameter . . .  9
     4.9.  "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint)
           Parameter  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.1.  "keys" Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   6.  String Comparison Rules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   7.  Encrypted JWK and Encrypted JWK Set Formats  . . . . . . . . . 11
   8.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     8.1.  JSON Web Key Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       8.1.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       8.1.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     8.2.  JSON Web Key Use Registry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       8.2.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       8.2.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     8.3.  JSON Web Key Operations Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       8.3.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       8.3.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     8.4.  JSON Web Key Set Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       8.4.1.  Registration Template  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       8.4.2.  Initial Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     8.5.  Media Type Registration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       8.5.1.  Registry Contents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     9.1.  Key Provenance and Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     9.2.  Preventing Disclosure of Non-Public Key Information  . . . 21
     9.3.  RSA Private Key Representations and Blinding . . . . . . . 21
     9.4.  Key Entropy and Random Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24



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   Appendix A.  Example JSON Web Key Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     A.1.  Example Public Keys  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     A.2.  Example Private Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
     A.3.  Example Symmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   Appendix B.  Example Use of "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain)
                Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   Appendix C.  Example Encrypted RSA Private Key . . . . . . . . . . 28
     C.1.  Plaintext RSA Private Key  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
     C.2.  JOSE Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     C.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
     C.4.  Key Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     C.5.  Key Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     C.6.  Initialization Vector  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
     C.7.  Additional Authenticated Data  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     C.8.  Content Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     C.9.  Complete Representation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   Appendix D.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
   Appendix E.  Document History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
































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1.  Introduction

   A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC7159]
   data structure that represents a cryptographic key.  This
   specification also defines a JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) JSON data
   structure that represents a set of JWKs.  Cryptographic algorithms
   and identifiers for use with this specification are described in the
   separate JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification and IANA
   registries defined by that specification.

   Goals for this specification do not include representing new kinds of
   certificate chains, representing new kinds of certified keys, or
   replacing X.509 certificates.

   JWKs and JWK Sets are used in the JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS] and
   JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE] specifications.

   Names defined by this specification are short because a core goal is
   for the resulting representations to be compact.

1.1.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in Key
   words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels [RFC2119].  If
   these words are used without being spelled in uppercase then they are
   to be interpreted with their normal natural language meanings.

   BASE64URL(OCTETS) denotes the base64url encoding of OCTETS, per
   Section 2 of [JWS].

   UTF8(STRING) denotes the octets of the UTF-8 [RFC3629] representation
   of STRING, where STRING is a sequence of zero or more Unicode
   [UNICODE] characters.

   ASCII(STRING) denotes the octets of the ASCII [RFC20] representation
   of STRING, where STRING is a sequence of zero or more ASCII
   characters.

   The concatenation of two values A and B is denoted as A || B.


2.  Terminology

   These terms defined by the JSON Web Signature (JWS) [JWS]
   specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web
   Signature (JWS)", "Base64url Encoding", "Collision-Resistant Name",



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   "Header Parameter", and "JOSE Header".

   These terms defined by the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [JWE]
   specification are incorporated into this specification: "JSON Web
   Encryption (JWE)", "Additional Authenticated Data (AAD)", "JWE
   Authentication Tag", "JWE Ciphertext", "JWE Compact Serialization",
   "JWE Encrypted Key", "JWE Initialization Vector", and "JWE Protected
   Header".

   These terms defined by the Internet Security Glossary, Version 2
   [RFC4949] are incorporated into this specification: "Ciphertext",
   "Digital Signature", "Message Authentication Code (MAC)", and
   "Plaintext".

   These terms are defined by this specification:

   JSON Web Key (JWK)
      A JSON object that represents a cryptographic key.  The members of
      the object represent properties of the key, including its value.

   JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)
      A JSON object that represents a set of JWKs.  The JSON object MUST
      have a "keys" member, which is an array of JWKs.


3.  Example JWK

   This section provides an example of a JWK.  The following example JWK
   declares that the key is an Elliptic Curve [DSS] key, it is used with
   the P-256 Elliptic Curve, and its x and y coordinates are the
   base64url encoded values shown.  A key identifier is also provided
   for the key.

     {"kty":"EC",
      "crv":"P-256",
      "x":"f83OJ3D2xF1Bg8vub9tLe1gHMzV76e8Tus9uPHvRVEU",
      "y":"x_FEzRu9m36HLN_tue659LNpXW6pCyStikYjKIWI5a0",
      "kid":"Public key used in JWS A.3 example"
     }

   Additional example JWK values can be found in Appendix A.


4.  JSON Web Key (JWK) Format

   A JSON Web Key (JWK) is a JSON object that represents a cryptographic
   key.  The members of the object represent properties of the key,
   including its value.  This JSON object MAY contain white space and/or



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   line breaks before or after any JSON values or structural characters,
   in accordance with Section 2 of RFC 7159 [RFC7159].  This document
   defines the key parameters that are not algorithm specific, and thus
   common to many keys.

   In addition to the common parameters, each JWK will have members that
   are key type-specific.  These members represent the parameters of the
   key.  Section 6 of the JSON Web Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification
   defines multiple kinds of cryptographic keys and their associated
   members.

   The member names within a JWK MUST be unique; JWK parsers MUST either
   reject JWKs with duplicate member names or use a JSON parser that
   returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as specified
   in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1 [ECMAScript].

   Additional members can be present in the JWK; if not understood by
   implementations encountering them, they MUST be ignored.  Member
   names used for representing key parameters for different keys types
   need not be distinct.  Any new member name should either be
   registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters registry defined in
   Section 8.1 or be a value that contains a Collision-Resistant Name.

4.1.  "kty" (Key Type) Parameter

   The "kty" (key type) member identifies the cryptographic algorithm
   family used with the key, such as "RSA" or "EC". "kty" values should
   either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Types registry defined
   in [JWA] or be a value that contains a Collision-Resistant Name.  The
   "kty" value is a case-sensitive string.  This member MUST be present
   in a JWK.

   A list of defined "kty" values can be found in the IANA JSON Web Key
   Types registry defined in [JWA]; the initial contents of this
   registry are the values defined in Section 6.1 of the JSON Web
   Algorithms (JWA) [JWA] specification.

   The key type definitions include specification of the members to be
   used for those key types.  Additional members used with "kty" values
   can also be found in the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters registry
   defined in Section 8.1.

4.2.  "use" (Public Key Use) Parameter

   The "use" (public key use) member identifies the intended use of the
   public key.  The "use" parameter is employed to indicate whether a
   public key is used for encrypting data or verifying the signature on
   data.



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   Values defined by this specification are:

   o  "sig" (signature)
   o  "enc" (encryption)

   Other values MAY be used.  The "use" value is a case-sensitive
   string.  Use of the "use" member is OPTIONAL, unless the application
   requires its presence.

   When a key is used to wrap another key and a Public Key Use
   designation for the first key is desired, the "enc" (encryption) key
   use value is used, since key wrapping is a kind of encryption.  The
   "enc" value is also be used for public keys used for key agreement
   operations.

   Additional Public Key Use values can be registered in the IANA JSON
   Web Key Use registry defined in Section 8.2.  Registering any
   extension values used is highly recommended when this specification
   is used in open environments, in which multiple organizations need to
   have a common understanding of any extensions used.  However,
   unregistered extension values can be used in closed environments, in
   which the producing and consuming organization will always be the
   same.

4.3.  "key_ops" (Key Operations) Parameter

   The "key_ops" (key operations) member identifies the operation(s)
   that the key is intended to be used for.  The "key_ops" parameter is
   intended for use cases in which public, private, or symmetric keys
   may be present.

   Its value is an array of key operation values.  Values defined by
   this specification are:

   o  "sign" (compute digital signature or MAC)
   o  "verify" (verify digital signature or MAC)
   o  "encrypt" (encrypt content)
   o  "decrypt" (decrypt content and validate decryption, if applicable)
   o  "wrapKey" (encrypt key)
   o  "unwrapKey" (decrypt key and validate decryption, if applicable)
   o  "deriveKey" (derive key)
   o  "deriveBits" (derive bits not to be used as a key)

   (Note that the "key_ops" values intentionally match the "KeyUsage"
   values defined in the Web Cryptography API
   [W3C.CR-WebCryptoAPI-20141211] specification.)

   Other values MAY be used.  The key operation values are case-



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   sensitive strings.  Duplicate key operation values MUST NOT be
   present in the array.  Use of the "key_ops" member is OPTIONAL,
   unless the application requires its presence.

   Multiple unrelated key operations SHOULD NOT be specified for a key
   because of the potential vulnerabilities associated with using the
   same key with multiple algorithms.  Thus, the combinations "sign"
   with "verify", "encrypt" with "decrypt", and "wrapKey" with
   "unwrapKey" are permitted, but other combinations SHOULD NOT be used.

   Additional Key Operations values can be registered in the IANA JSON
   Web Key Operations registry defined in Section 8.3.  The same
   considerations about registering extension values apply to the
   "key_ops" member as do for the "use" member.

   The "use" and "key_ops" JWK members SHOULD NOT be used together;
   however, if both are used, the information they convey MUST be
   consistent.  Applications should specify which of these members they
   use, if either is to be used by the application.

4.4.  "alg" (Algorithm) Parameter

   The "alg" (algorithm) member identifies the algorithm intended for
   use with the key.  The values used should either be registered in the
   IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Algorithms registry defined in
   [JWA] or be a value that contains a Collision-Resistant Name.  The
   "alg" value is a case-sensitive ASCII string.  Use of this member is
   OPTIONAL.

4.5.  "kid" (Key ID) Parameter

   The "kid" (key ID) member is used to match a specific key.  This is
   used, for instance, to choose among a set of keys within a JWK Set
   during key rollover.  The structure of the "kid" value is
   unspecified.  When "kid" values are used within a JWK Set, different
   keys within the JWK Set SHOULD use distinct "kid" values.  (One
   example in which different keys might use the same "kid" value is if
   they have different "kty" (key type) values but are considered to be
   equivalent alternatives by the application using them.)  The "kid"
   value is a case-sensitive string.  Use of this member is OPTIONAL.

   When used with JWS or JWE, the "kid" value is used to match a JWS or
   JWE "kid" Header Parameter value.

4.6.  "x5u" (X.509 URL) Parameter

   The "x5u" (X.509 URL) member is a URI [RFC3986] that refers to a
   resource for an X.509 public key certificate or certificate chain



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   [RFC5280].  The identified resource MUST provide a representation of
   the certificate or certificate chain that conforms to RFC 5280
   [RFC5280] in PEM encoded form, with each certificate delimited as
   specified in Section 6.1 of RFC 4945 [RFC4945].  The key in the first
   certificate MUST match the public key represented by other members of
   the JWK.  The protocol used to acquire the resource MUST provide
   integrity protection; an HTTP GET request to retrieve the certificate
   MUST use TLS [RFC2818, RFC5246]; the identity of the server MUST be
   validated, as per Section 6 of RFC 6125 [RFC6125].  Use of this
   member is OPTIONAL.

   While there is no requirement that optional JWK members providing key
   usage, algorithm, or other information be present when the "x5u"
   member is used, doing so may improve interoperability for
   applications that do not handle PKIX certificates [RFC5280].  If
   other members are present, the contents of those members MUST be
   semantically consistent with the related fields in the first
   certificate.  For instance, if the "use" member is present, then it
   MUST correspond to the usage that is specified in the certificate,
   when it includes this information.  Similarly, if the "alg" member is
   present, it MUST correspond to the algorithm specified in the
   certificate.

4.7.  "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Parameter

   The "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) member contains a chain of one or
   more PKIX certificates [RFC5280].  The certificate chain is
   represented as a JSON array of certificate value strings.  Each
   string in the array is a base64 encoded ([RFC4648] Section 4 -- not
   base64url encoded) DER [ITU.X690.1994] PKIX certificate value.  The
   PKIX certificate containing the key value MUST be the first
   certificate.  This MAY be followed by additional certificates, with
   each subsequent certificate being the one used to certify the
   previous one.  The key in the first certificate MUST match the public
   key represented by other members of the JWK.  Use of this member is
   OPTIONAL.

   As with the "x5u" member, optional JWK members providing key usage,
   algorithm, or other information MAY also be present when the "x5c"
   member is used.  If other members are present, the contents of those
   members MUST be semantically consistent with the related fields in
   the first certificate.  See the last paragraph of Section 4.6 for
   additional guidance on this.

4.8.  "x5t" (X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint) Parameter

   The "x5t" (X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint) member is a base64url
   encoded SHA-1 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER encoding of an



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   X.509 certificate [RFC5280].  Note that certificate thumbprints are
   also sometimes known as certificate fingerprints.  The key in the
   certificate MUST match the public key represented by other members of
   the JWK.  Use of this member is OPTIONAL.

   As with the "x5u" member, optional JWK members providing key usage,
   algorithm, or other information MAY also be present when the "x5t"
   member is used.  If other members are present, the contents of those
   members MUST be semantically consistent with the related fields in
   the referenced certificate.  See the last paragraph of Section 4.6
   for additional guidance on this.

4.9.  "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint) Parameter

   The "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint) member is a
   base64url encoded SHA-256 thumbprint (a.k.a. digest) of the DER
   encoding of an X.509 certificate [RFC5280].  Note that certificate
   thumbprints are also sometimes known as certificate fingerprints.
   The key in the certificate MUST match the public key represented by
   other members of the JWK.  Use of this member is OPTIONAL.

   As with the "x5u" member, optional JWK members providing key usage,
   algorithm, or other information MAY also be present when the
   "x5t#S256" member is used.  If other members are present, the
   contents of those members MUST be semantically consistent with the
   related fields in the referenced certificate.  See the last paragraph
   of Section 4.6 for additional guidance on this.


5.  JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) Format

   A JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set) is a JSON object that represents a set
   of JWKs.  The JSON object MUST have a "keys" member, with its value
   being an array of JWKs.  This JSON object MAY contain white space
   and/or line breaks.

   The member names within a JWK Set MUST be unique; JWK Set parsers
   MUST either reject JWK Sets with duplicate member names or use a JSON
   parser that returns only the lexically last duplicate member name, as
   specified in Section 15.12 (The JSON Object) of ECMAScript 5.1
   [ECMAScript].

   Additional members can be present in the JWK Set; if not understood
   by implementations encountering them, they MUST be ignored.
   Parameters for representing additional properties of JWK Sets should
   either be registered in the IANA JSON Web Key Set Parameters registry
   defined in Section 8.4 or be a value that contains a Collision-
   Resistant Name.



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   Implementations SHOULD ignore JWKs within a JWK Set that use "kty"
   (key type) values that are not understood by them, are missing
   required members, or for which values are out of the supported
   ranges.

5.1.  "keys" Parameter

   The value of the "keys" member is an array of JWK values.  By
   default, the order of the JWK values within the array does not imply
   an order of preference among them, although applications of JWK Sets
   can choose to assign a meaning to the order for their purposes, if
   desired.


6.  String Comparison Rules

   The string comparison rules for this specification are the same as
   those defined in Section 5.3 of [JWS].


7.  Encrypted JWK and Encrypted JWK Set Formats

   Access to JWKs containing non-public key material by parties without
   legitimate access to the non-public information MUST be prevented.
   This can be accomplished by encrypting the JWK when potentially
   observable by such parties to prevent the disclosure of private or
   symmetric key values.  The use of an Encrypted JWK, which is a JWE
   with the UTF-8 encoding of a JWK as its plaintext value, is
   recommended for this purpose.  The processing of Encrypted JWKs is
   identical to the processing of other JWEs.  A "cty" (content type)
   Header Parameter value of "jwk+json" MUST be used to indicate that
   the content of the JWE is a JWK, unless the application knows that
   the encrypted content is a JWK by another means or convention, in
   which case the "cty" value would typically be omitted.

   JWK Sets containing non-public key material will also need to be
   encrypted under these circumstances.  The use of an Encrypted JWK
   Set, which is a JWE with the UTF-8 encoding of a JWK Set as its
   plaintext value, is recommended for this purpose.  The processing of
   Encrypted JWK Sets is identical to the processing of other JWEs.  A
   "cty" (content type) Header Parameter value of "jwk-set+json" MUST be
   used to indicate that the content of the JWE is a JWK Set, unless the
   application knows that the encrypted content is a JWK Set by another
   means or convention, in which case the "cty" value would typically be
   omitted.

   See Appendix C for an example encrypted JWK.




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8.  IANA Considerations

   The following registration procedure is used for all the registries
   established by this specification.

   Values are registered on a Specification Required [RFC5226] basis
   after a three-week review period on the jose-reg-review@ietf.org
   mailing list, on the advice of one or more Designated Experts.
   However, to allow for the allocation of values prior to publication,
   the Designated Expert(s) may approve registration once they are
   satisfied that such a specification will be published.

   Registration requests must be sent to the jose-reg-review@ietf.org
   mailing list for review and comment, with an appropriate subject
   (e.g., "Request to register JWK parameter: example").

   Within the review period, the Designated Expert(s) will either
   approve or deny the registration request, communicating this decision
   to the review list and IANA.  Denials should include an explanation
   and, if applicable, suggestions as to how to make the request
   successful.  Registration requests that are undetermined for a period
   longer than 21 days can be brought to the IESG's attention (using the
   iesg@ietf.org mailing list) for resolution.

   Criteria that should be applied by the Designated Expert(s) includes
   determining whether the proposed registration duplicates existing
   functionality, determining whether it is likely to be of general
   applicability or whether it is useful only for a single application,
   and whether the registration description is clear.

   IANA must only accept registry updates from the Designated Expert(s)
   and should direct all requests for registration to the review mailing
   list.

   It is suggested that multiple Designated Experts be appointed who are
   able to represent the perspectives of different applications using
   this specification, in order to enable broadly-informed review of
   registration decisions.  In cases where a registration decision could
   be perceived as creating a conflict of interest for a particular
   Expert, that Expert should defer to the judgment of the other
   Expert(s).

   [[ Note to the RFC Editor and IANA: Pearl Liang of ICANN had
   requested that the draft supply the following proposed registry
   description information.  It is to be used for all registries
   established by this specification.





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   o  Protocol Category: JSON Object Signing and Encryption (JOSE)

   o  Registry Location: http://www.iana.org/assignments/jose

   o  Webpage Title: (same as the protocol category)

   o  Registry Name: (same as the section title, but excluding the word
      "Registry", for example "JSON Web Key Parameters")

   ]]

8.1.  JSON Web Key Parameters Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Parameters
   registry for JWK parameter names.  The registry records the parameter
   name, the key type(s) that the parameter is used with, and a
   reference to the specification that defines it.  It also records
   whether the parameter conveys public or private information.  This
   specification registers the parameter names defined in Section 4.
   The same JWK parameter name may be registered multiple times,
   provided that duplicate parameter registrations are only for key type
   specific JWK parameters; in this case, the meaning of the duplicate
   parameter name is disambiguated by the "kty" value of the JWK
   containing it.

8.1.1.  Registration Template

   Parameter Name:
      The name requested (e.g., "kid").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case-sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.  However, matching names may be registered,
      provided that the accompanying sets of "kty" values that the
      Parameter Name is used with are disjoint; for the purposes of
      matching "kty" values, "*" matches all values.

   Parameter Description:
      Brief description of the parameter (e.g., "Key ID").

   Used with "kty" Value(s):
      The key type parameter value(s) that the parameter name is to be
      used with, or the value "*" if the parameter value is used with
      all key types.  Values may not match other registered "kty" values
      in a case-insensitive manner when the registered Parameter Name is



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      the same (including when the Parameter Name matches in a case-
      insensitive manner) unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Parameter Information Class:
      Registers whether the parameter conveys public or private
      information.  Its value must be one the words Public or Private.

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

8.1.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Parameter Name: "kty"
   o  Parameter Description: Key Type
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.1 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "use"
   o  Parameter Description: Public Key Use
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "key_ops"
   o  Parameter Description: Key Operations
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "alg"
   o  Parameter Description: Algorithm
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *





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   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.4 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "kid"
   o  Parameter Description: Key ID
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.5 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "x5u"
   o  Parameter Description: X.509 URL
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.6 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "x5c"
   o  Parameter Description: X.509 Certificate Chain
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.7 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "x5t"
   o  Parameter Description: X.509 Certificate SHA-1 Thumbprint
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.8 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Parameter Name: "x5t#S256"
   o  Parameter Description: X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint
   o  Used with "kty" Value(s): *
   o  Parameter Information Class: Public
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.9 of [[ this document ]]

8.2.  JSON Web Key Use Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Use registry for
   JWK "use" (public key use) member values.  The registry records the
   public key use value and a reference to the specification that
   defines it.  This specification registers the parameter names defined
   in Section 4.2.





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8.2.1.  Registration Template

   Use Member Value:
      The name requested (e.g., "sig").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case-sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Use Description:
      Brief description of the use (e.g., "Digital Signature or MAC").

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

8.2.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Use Member Value: "sig"
   o  Use Description: Digital Signature or MAC
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Use Member Value: "enc"
   o  Use Description: Encryption
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.2 of [[ this document ]]

8.3.  JSON Web Key Operations Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Operations
   registry for values of JWK "key_ops" array elements.  The registry
   records the key operation value and a reference to the specification
   that defines it.  This specification registers the parameter names
   defined in Section 4.3.






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8.3.1.  Registration Template

   Key Operation Value:
      The name requested (e.g., "sign").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case-sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Key Operation Description:
      Brief description of the key operation (e.g., "Compute digital
      signature or MAC").

   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

8.3.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Key Operation Value: "sign"
   o  Key Operation Description: Compute digital signature or MAC
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "verify"
   o  Key Operation Description: Verify digital signature or MAC
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "encrypt"
   o  Key Operation Description: Encrypt content
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "decrypt"
   o  Key Operation Description: Decrypt content and validate
      decryption, if applicable




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   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "wrapKey"
   o  Key Operation Description: Encrypt key
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "unwrapKey"
   o  Key Operation Description: Decrypt key and validate decryption, if
      applicable
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "deriveKey"
   o  Key Operation Description: Derive key
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

   o  Key Operation Value: "deriveBits"
   o  Key Operation Description: Derive bits not to be used as a key
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 4.3 of [[ this document ]]

8.4.  JSON Web Key Set Parameters Registry

   This specification establishes the IANA JSON Web Key Set Parameters
   registry for JWK Set parameter names.  The registry records the
   parameter name and a reference to the specification that defines it.
   This specification registers the parameter names defined in
   Section 5.

8.4.1.  Registration Template

   Parameter Name:
      The name requested (e.g., "keys").  Because a core goal of this
      specification is for the resulting representations to be compact,
      it is RECOMMENDED that the name be short -- not to exceed 8
      characters without a compelling reason to do so.  This name is
      case-sensitive.  Names may not match other registered names in a
      case-insensitive manner unless the Designated Expert(s) state that
      there is a compelling reason to allow an exception in this
      particular case.

   Parameter Description:
      Brief description of the parameter (e.g., "Array of JWK values").





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   Change Controller:
      For Standards Track RFCs, state "IESG".  For others, give the name
      of the responsible party.  Other details (e.g., postal address,
      email address, home page URI) may also be included.

   Specification Document(s):
      Reference to the document(s) that specify the parameter,
      preferably including URI(s) that can be used to retrieve copies of
      the document(s).  An indication of the relevant sections may also
      be included but is not required.

8.4.2.  Initial Registry Contents

   o  Parameter Name: "keys"
   o  Parameter Description: Array of JWK values
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Specification Document(s): Section 5.1 of [[ this document ]]

8.5.  Media Type Registration

8.5.1.  Registry Contents

   This specification registers the "application/jwk+json" and
   "application/jwk-set+json" Media Types [RFC2046] in the MIME Media
   Types registry [IANA.MediaTypes] in the manner described in RFC 6838
   [RFC6838], which can be used to indicate, respectively, that the
   content is a JWK or a JWK Set.

   o  Type Name: application
   o  Subtype Name: jwk+json
   o  Required Parameters: n/a
   o  Optional Parameters: n/a
   o  Encoding considerations: 8bit; application/jwk+json values are
      represented as JSON object; UTF-8 encoding SHOULD be employed for
      the JSON object.
   o  Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of [[ this document ]]
   o  Interoperability Considerations: n/a
   o  Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
   o  Applications that use this media type: OpenID Connect, Salesforce,
      Google, Android, Windows Azure, W3C WebCrypto API, numerous others
   o  Fragment identifier considerations: n/a
   o  Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s):
      n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
   o  Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael
      B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com





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   o  Intended Usage: COMMON
   o  Restrictions on Usage: none
   o  Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Provisional registration?  No

   o  Type Name: application
   o  Subtype Name: jwk-set+json
   o  Required Parameters: n/a
   o  Optional Parameters: n/a
   o  Encoding considerations: 8bit; application/jwk-set+json values are
      represented as a JSON Object; UTF-8 encoding SHOULD be employed
      for the JSON object.
   o  Security Considerations: See the Security Considerations section
      of [[ this document ]]
   o  Interoperability Considerations: n/a
   o  Published Specification: [[ this document ]]
   o  Applications that use this media type: OpenID Connect, Salesforce,
      Google, Android, Windows Azure, W3C WebCrypto API, numerous others
   o  Fragment identifier considerations: n/a
   o  Additional Information: Magic number(s): n/a, File extension(s):
      n/a, Macintosh file type code(s): n/a
   o  Person & email address to contact for further information: Michael
      B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Intended Usage: COMMON
   o  Restrictions on Usage: none
   o  Author: Michael B. Jones, mbj@microsoft.com
   o  Change Controller: IESG
   o  Provisional registration?  No


9.  Security Considerations

   All of the security issues that are pertinent to any cryptographic
   application must be addressed by JWS/JWE/JWK agents.  Among these
   issues are protecting the user's asymmetric private and symmetric
   secret keys and employing countermeasures to various attacks.

9.1.  Key Provenance and Trust

   One should place no more trust in the data cryptographically secured
   by a key than in the method by which it was obtained and in the
   trustworthiness of the entity asserting an association with the key.
   Any data associated with a key that is obtained in an untrusted
   manner should be treated with skepticism.  See Section 10.3 of [JWS]
   for security considerations on key origin authentication.

   In almost all cases, applications make decisions about whether to



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   trust a key based on attributes bound to the key, such as names,
   roles, and the key origin, rather than based on the key itself.  When
   an application is deciding whether to trust a key, there are several
   ways that it can bind attributes to a JWK.  Two example mechanisms
   are PKIX [RFC5280] and JSON Web Token (JWT) [JWT].

   For instance, the creator of a JWK can include a PKIX certificate in
   the JWK's "x5c" member.  If the application validates the certificate
   and verifies that the JWK corresponds to the subject public key in
   the certificate, then the JWK can be associated with the attributes
   in the certificate, such as the subject name, subject alternative
   names, extended key usages, and its signature chain.

   Also for instance, a JWT can be used to associate attributes with a
   JWK by referencing the JWK as a claim in the JWT.  The JWK can be
   included directly as a claim value or the JWT can include a TLS-
   secured URI from which to retrieve the JWK value.  Either way, an
   application that gets a JWK via a JWT claim can associate it with the
   JWT's cryptographic properties and use these and possibly additional
   claims in deciding whether to trust the key.

   The security considerations in Section 12.3 of XML DSIG 2.0
   [W3C.NOTE-xmldsig-core2-20130411] about the strength of a digital
   signature depending upon all the links in the security chain also
   apply to this specification.

   The TLS Requirements in Section 8 of [JWS] also apply to this
   specification, except that the "x5u" JWK member is the only feature
   defined by this specification using TLS.

9.2.  Preventing Disclosure of Non-Public Key Information

   Private and symmetric keys MUST be protected from disclosure to
   unintended parties.  One recommended means of doing so is to encrypt
   JWKs or JWK Sets containing them by using the JWK or JWK Set value as
   the plaintext of a JWE.  Of course, this requires that there be a
   secure way to obtain the key used to encrypt the non-public key
   information to the intended party and a secure way for that party to
   obtain the corresponding decryption key.

   The security considerations in RFC 3447 [RFC3447] and RFC 6030
   [RFC6030] about protecting private and symmetric keys, key usage, and
   information leakage also apply to this specification.

9.3.  RSA Private Key Representations and Blinding

   The RSA Key blinding operation [Kocher], which is a defense against
   some timing attacks, requires all of the RSA key values "n", "e", and



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   "d".  However, some RSA private key representations do not include
   the public exponent "e", but only include the modulus "n" and the
   private exponent "d".  This is true, for instance, of the Java
   RSAPrivateKeySpec API, which does not include the public exponent "e"
   as a parameter.  So as to enable RSA key blinding, such
   representations should be avoided.  For Java, the
   RSAPrivateCrtKeySpec API can be used instead.  Section 8.2.2(i) of
   the Handbook of Applied Cryptography [HAC] discusses how to compute
   the remaining RSA private key parameters, if needed, using only "n",
   "e", and "d".

9.4.  Key Entropy and Random Values

   See Section 10.1 of [JWS] for security considerations on key entropy
   and random values.


10.  References

10.1.  Normative References

   [ECMAScript]
              Ecma International, "ECMAScript Language Specification,
              5.1 Edition", ECMA 262, June 2011.

   [IANA.MediaTypes]
              Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), "MIME Media
              Types", 2005.

   [ITU.X690.1994]
              International Telecommunications Union, "Information
              Technology - ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic
              Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and
              Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER)", ITU-T Recommendation
              X.690, 1994.

   [JWA]      Jones, M., "JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)",
              draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms (work in progress),
              January 2015.

   [JWE]      Jones, M. and J. Hildebrand, "JSON Web Encryption (JWE)",
              draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption (work in progress),
              January 2015.

   [JWS]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web
              Signature (JWS)", draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature (work
              in progress), January 2015.




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   [RFC20]    Cerf, V., "ASCII format for Network Interchange", RFC 20,
              October 1969.

   [RFC2046]  Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail
              Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046,
              November 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2818]  Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818, May 2000.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.

   [RFC4945]  Korver, B., "The Internet IP Security PKI Profile of
              IKEv1/ISAKMP, IKEv2, and PKIX", RFC 4945, August 2007.

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
              RFC 4949, August 2007.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [RFC5280]  Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
              Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.

   [RFC6125]  Saint-Andre, P. and J. Hodges, "Representation and
              Verification of Domain-Based Application Service Identity
              within Internet Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509
              (PKIX) Certificates in the Context of Transport Layer
              Security (TLS)", RFC 6125, March 2011.

   [RFC7159]  Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
              Interchange Format", RFC 7159, March 2014.

   [UNICODE]  The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard", 1991-,
              <http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/>.




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10.2.  Informative References

   [DSS]      National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
              Signature Standard (DSS)", FIPS PUB 186-4, July 2013.

   [HAC]      Menezes, A., van Oorschot, P., and S. Vanstone, "Handbook
              of Applied Cryptography", CRC Press, 1996,
              <http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap8.pdf>.

   [JWT]      Jones, M., Bradley, J., and N. Sakimura, "JSON Web Token
              (JWT)", draft-ietf-oauth-json-web-token (work in
              progress), January 2015.

   [Kocher]   Kocher, P., "Timing Attacks on Implementations of Diffe-
              Hellman, RSA, DSS, and Other Systems", In Proceedings of
              the 16th Annual International Cryptology Conference
              Advances in Cryptology, Springer-Verlag, pp. 104-113,
              1996.

   [MagicSignatures]
              Panzer (editor), J., Laurie, B., and D. Balfanz, "Magic
              Signatures", January 2011.

   [RFC3447]  Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
              Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
              Version 2.1", RFC 3447, February 2003.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6030]  Hoyer, P., Pei, M., and S. Machani, "Portable Symmetric
              Key Container (PSKC)", RFC 6030, October 2010.

   [RFC6838]  Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type
              Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13,
              RFC 6838, January 2013.

   [W3C.CR-WebCryptoAPI-20141211]
              Sleevi, R. and M. Watson, "Web Cryptography API", World
              Wide Web Consortium Candidate Recommendation CR-
              WebCryptoAPI-20141211, December 2014,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/CR-WebCryptoAPI-20141211/>.

   [W3C.NOTE-xmldsig-core2-20130411]
              Eastlake, D., Reagle, J., Solo, D., Hirsch, F., Roessler,
              T., Yiu, K., Datta, P., and S. Cantor, "XML Signature
              Syntax and Processing Version 2.0", World Wide Web



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              Consortium Note NOTE-xmldsig-core2-20130411, April 2013,
              <http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/NOTE-xmldsig-core2-20130411/>.


Appendix A.  Example JSON Web Key Sets

A.1.  Example Public Keys

   The following example JWK Set contains two public keys represented as
   JWKs: one using an Elliptic Curve algorithm and a second one using an
   RSA algorithm.  The first specifies that the key is to be used for
   encryption.  The second specifies that the key is to be used with the
   "RS256" algorithm.  Both provide a Key ID for key matching purposes.
   In both cases, integers are represented using the base64url encoding
   of their big endian representations.  (Line breaks within values are
   for display purposes only.)

     {"keys":
       [
         {"kty":"EC",
          "crv":"P-256",
          "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
          "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
          "use":"enc",
          "kid":"1"},

         {"kty":"RSA",
          "n": "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx
     4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMs
     tn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2
     QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbI
     SD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqb
     w0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
          "e":"AQAB",
          "alg":"RS256",
          "kid":"2011-04-29"}
       ]
     }

A.2.  Example Private Keys

   The following example JWK Set contains two keys represented as JWKs
   containing both public and private key values: one using an Elliptic
   Curve algorithm and a second one using an RSA algorithm.  This
   example extends the example in the previous section, adding private
   key values.  (Line breaks within values are for display purposes
   only.)




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     {"keys":
       [
         {"kty":"EC",
          "crv":"P-256",
          "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
          "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
          "d":"870MB6gfuTJ4HtUnUvYMyJpr5eUZNP4Bk43bVdj3eAE",
          "use":"enc",
          "kid":"1"},

         {"kty":"RSA",
          "n":"0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4
     cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMst
     n64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2Q
     vzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbIS
     D08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw
     0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
          "e":"AQAB",
          "d":"X4cTteJY_gn4FYPsXB8rdXix5vwsg1FLN5E3EaG6RJoVH-HLLKD9
     M7dx5oo7GURknchnrRweUkC7hT5fJLM0WbFAKNLWY2vv7B6NqXSzUvxT0_YSfqij
     wp3RTzlBaCxWp4doFk5N2o8Gy_nHNKroADIkJ46pRUohsXywbReAdYaMwFs9tv8d
     _cPVY3i07a3t8MN6TNwm0dSawm9v47UiCl3Sk5ZiG7xojPLu4sbg1U2jx4IBTNBz
     nbJSzFHK66jT8bgkuqsk0GjskDJk19Z4qwjwbsnn4j2WBii3RL-Us2lGVkY8fkFz
     me1z0HbIkfz0Y6mqnOYtqc0X4jfcKoAC8Q",
          "p":"83i-7IvMGXoMXCskv73TKr8637FiO7Z27zv8oj6pbWUQyLPQBQxtPV
     nwD20R-60eTDmD2ujnMt5PoqMrm8RfmNhVWDtjjMmCMjOpSXicFHj7XOuVIYQyqV
     WlWEh6dN36GVZYk93N8Bc9vY41xy8B9RzzOGVQzXvNEvn7O0nVbfs",
          "q":"3dfOR9cuYq-0S-mkFLzgItgMEfFzB2q3hWehMuG0oCuqnb3vobLyum
     qjVZQO1dIrdwgTnCdpYzBcOfW5r370AFXjiWft_NGEiovonizhKpo9VVS78TzFgx
     kIdrecRezsZ-1kYd_s1qDbxtkDEgfAITAG9LUnADun4vIcb6yelxk",
          "dp":"G4sPXkc6Ya9y8oJW9_ILj4xuppu0lzi_H7VTkS8xj5SdX3coE0oim
     YwxIi2emTAue0UOa5dpgFGyBJ4c8tQ2VF402XRugKDTP8akYhFo5tAA77Qe_Nmtu
     YZc3C3m3I24G2GvR5sSDxUyAN2zq8Lfn9EUms6rY3Ob8YeiKkTiBj0",
          "dq":"s9lAH9fggBsoFR8Oac2R_E2gw282rT2kGOAhvIllETE1efrA6huUU
     vMfBcMpn8lqeW6vzznYY5SSQF7pMdC_agI3nG8Ibp1BUb0JUiraRNqUfLhcQb_d9
     GF4Dh7e74WbRsobRonujTYN1xCaP6TO61jvWrX-L18txXw494Q_cgk",
          "qi":"GyM_p6JrXySiz1toFgKbWV-JdI3jQ4ypu9rbMWx3rQJBfmt0FoYzg
     UIZEVFEcOqwemRN81zoDAaa-Bk0KWNGDjJHZDdDmFhW3AN7lI-puxk_mHZGJ11rx
     yR8O55XLSe3SPmRfKwZI6yU24ZxvQKFYItdldUKGzO6Ia6zTKhAVRU",
          "alg":"RS256",
          "kid":"2011-04-29"}
       ]
     }








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A.3.  Example Symmetric Keys

   The following example JWK Set contains two symmetric keys represented
   as JWKs: one designated as being for use with the AES Key Wrap
   algorithm and a second one that is an HMAC key.  (Line breaks within
   values are for display purposes only.)

     {"keys":
       [
         {"kty":"oct",
          "alg":"A128KW",
          "k":"GawgguFyGrWKav7AX4VKUg"},

         {"kty":"oct",
          "k":"AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75
     aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow",
          "kid":"HMAC key used in JWS A.1 example"}
       ]
     }


Appendix B.  Example Use of "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) Parameter





























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   The following is an example of a JWK with a RSA signing key
   represented both as an RSA public key and as an X.509 certificate
   using the "x5c" parameter (with line breaks within values for display
   purposes only):

     {"kty":"RSA",
      "use":"sig",
      "kid":"1b94c",
      "n":"vrjOfz9Ccdgx5nQudyhdoR17V-IubWMeOZCwX_jj0hgAsz2J_pqYW08
      PLbK_PdiVGKPrqzmDIsLI7sA25VEnHU1uCLNwBuUiCO11_-7dYbsr4iJmG0Q
      u2j8DsVyT1azpJC_NG84Ty5KKthuCaPod7iI7w0LK9orSMhBEwwZDCxTWq4a
      YWAchc8t-emd9qOvWtVMDC2BXksRngh6X5bUYLy6AyHKvj-nUy1wgzjYQDwH
      MTplCoLtU-o-8SNnZ1tmRoGE9uJkBLdh5gFENabWnU5m1ZqZPdwS-qo-meMv
      VfJb6jJVWRpl2SUtCnYG2C32qvbWbjZ_jBPD5eunqsIo1vQ",
      "e":"AQAB",
      "x5c":
       ["MIIDQjCCAiqgAwIBAgIGATz/FuLiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBQUAMGIxCzAJB
       gNVBAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJDTzEPMA0GA1UEBxMGRGVudmVyMRwwGgYD
       VQQKExNQaW5nIElkZW50aXR5IENvcnAuMRcwFQYDVQQDEw5CcmlhbiBDYW1
       wYmVsbDAeFw0xMzAyMjEyMzI5MTVaFw0xODA4MTQyMjI5MTVaMGIxCzAJBg
       NVBAYTAlVTMQswCQYDVQQIEwJDTzEPMA0GA1UEBxMGRGVudmVyMRwwGgYDV
       QQKExNQaW5nIElkZW50aXR5IENvcnAuMRcwFQYDVQQDEw5CcmlhbiBDYW1w
       YmVsbDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAL64zn8/QnH
       YMeZ0LncoXaEde1fiLm1jHjmQsF/449IYALM9if6amFtPDy2yvz3YlRij66
       s5gyLCyO7ANuVRJx1NbgizcAblIgjtdf/u3WG7K+IiZhtELto/A7Fck9Ws6
       SQvzRvOE8uSirYbgmj6He4iO8NCyvaK0jIQRMMGQwsU1quGmFgHIXPLfnpn
       fajr1rVTAwtgV5LEZ4Iel+W1GC8ugMhyr4/p1MtcIM42EA8BzE6ZQqC7VPq
       PvEjZ2dbZkaBhPbiZAS3YeYBRDWm1p1OZtWamT3cEvqqPpnjL1XyW+oyVVk
       aZdklLQp2Btgt9qr21m42f4wTw+Xrp6rCKNb0CAwEAATANBgkqhkiG9w0BA
       QUFAAOCAQEAh8zGlfSlcI0o3rYDPBB07aXNswb4ECNIKG0CETTUxmXl9KUL
       +9gGlqCz5iWLOgWsnrcKcY0vXPG9J1r9AqBNTqNgHq2G03X09266X5CpOe1
       zFo+Owb1zxtp3PehFdfQJ610CDLEaS9V9Rqp17hCyybEpOGVwe8fnk+fbEL
       2Bo3UPGrpsHzUoaGpDftmWssZkhpBJKVMJyf/RuP2SmmaIzmnw9JiSlYhzo
       4tpzd5rFXhjRbg4zW9C+2qok+2+qDM1iJ684gPHMIY8aLWrdgQTxkumGmTq
       gawR+N5MDtdPTEQ0XfIBc2cJEUyMTY5MPvACWpkA6SdS4xSvdXK3IVfOWA=="]
     }


Appendix C.  Example Encrypted RSA Private Key

   This example encrypts an RSA private key to the recipient using
   "PBES2-HS256+A128KW" for key encryption and "A128CBC+HS256" for
   content encryption.

   NOTE: Unless otherwise indicated, all line breaks are included solely
   for readability.





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C.1.  Plaintext RSA Private Key

   The following RSA key is the plaintext for the authenticated
   encryption operation, formatted as a JWK (with line breaks within
   values for display purposes only):

     {
      "kty":"RSA",
      "kid":"juliet@capulet.lit",
      "use":"enc",
      "n":"t6Q8PWSi1dkJj9hTP8hNYFlvadM7DflW9mWepOJhJ66w7nyoK1gPNqFMSQRy
           O125Gp-TEkodhWr0iujjHVx7BcV0llS4w5ACGgPrcAd6ZcSR0-Iqom-QFcNP
           8Sjg086MwoqQU_LYywlAGZ21WSdS_PERyGFiNnj3QQlO8Yns5jCtLCRwLHL0
           Pb1fEv45AuRIuUfVcPySBWYnDyGxvjYGDSM-AqWS9zIQ2ZilgT-GqUmipg0X
           OC0Cc20rgLe2ymLHjpHciCKVAbY5-L32-lSeZO-Os6U15_aXrk9Gw8cPUaX1
           _I8sLGuSiVdt3C_Fn2PZ3Z8i744FPFGGcG1qs2Wz-Q",
      "e":"AQAB",
      "d":"GRtbIQmhOZtyszfgKdg4u_N-R_mZGU_9k7JQ_jn1DnfTuMdSNprTeaSTyWfS
           NkuaAwnOEbIQVy1IQbWVV25NY3ybc_IhUJtfri7bAXYEReWaCl3hdlPKXy9U
           vqPYGR0kIXTQRqns-dVJ7jahlI7LyckrpTmrM8dWBo4_PMaenNnPiQgO0xnu
           ToxutRZJfJvG4Ox4ka3GORQd9CsCZ2vsUDmsXOfUENOyMqADC6p1M3h33tsu
           rY15k9qMSpG9OX_IJAXmxzAh_tWiZOwk2K4yxH9tS3Lq1yX8C1EWmeRDkK2a
           hecG85-oLKQt5VEpWHKmjOi_gJSdSgqcN96X52esAQ",
      "p":"2rnSOV4hKSN8sS4CgcQHFbs08XboFDqKum3sc4h3GRxrTmQdl1ZK9uw-PIHf
           QP0FkxXVrx-WE-ZEbrqivH_2iCLUS7wAl6XvARt1KkIaUxPPSYB9yk31s0Q8
           UK96E3_OrADAYtAJs-M3JxCLfNgqh56HDnETTQhH3rCT5T3yJws",
      "q":"1u_RiFDP7LBYh3N4GXLT9OpSKYP0uQZyiaZwBtOCBNJgQxaj10RWjsZu0c6I
           edis4S7B_coSKB0Kj9PaPaBzg-IySRvvcQuPamQu66riMhjVtG6TlV8CLCYK
           rYl52ziqK0E_ym2QnkwsUX7eYTB7LbAHRK9GqocDE5B0f808I4s",
      "dp":"KkMTWqBUefVwZ2_Dbj1pPQqyHSHjj90L5x_MOzqYAJMcLMZtbUtwKqvVDq3
           tbEo3ZIcohbDtt6SbfmWzggabpQxNxuBpoOOf_a_HgMXK_lhqigI4y_kqS1w
           Y52IwjUn5rgRrJ-yYo1h41KR-vz2pYhEAeYrhttWtxVqLCRViD6c",
      "dq":"AvfS0-gRxvn0bwJoMSnFxYcK1WnuEjQFluMGfwGitQBWtfZ1Er7t1xDkbN9
           GQTB9yqpDoYaN06H7CFtrkxhJIBQaj6nkF5KKS3TQtQ5qCzkOkmxIe3KRbBy
           mXxkb5qwUpX5ELD5xFc6FeiafWYY63TmmEAu_lRFCOJ3xDea-ots",
      "qi":"lSQi-w9CpyUReMErP1RsBLk7wNtOvs5EQpPqmuMvqW57NBUczScEoPwmUqq
           abu9V0-Py4dQ57_bapoKRu1R90bvuFnU63SHWEFglZQvJDMeAvmj4sm-Fp0o
           Yu_neotgQ0hzbI5gry7ajdYy9-2lNx_76aBZoOUu9HCJ-UsfSOI8"
     }

   The octets representing the Plaintext used in this example (using
   JSON array notation) are:

   [123, 34, 107, 116, 121, 34, 58, 34, 82, 83, 65, 34, 44, 34, 107,
   105, 100, 34, 58, 34, 106, 117, 108, 105, 101, 116, 64, 99, 97, 112,
   117, 108, 101, 116, 46, 108, 105, 116, 34, 44, 34, 117, 115, 101, 34,
   58, 34, 101, 110, 99, 34, 44, 34, 110, 34, 58, 34, 116, 54, 81, 56,
   80, 87, 83, 105, 49, 100, 107, 74, 106, 57, 104, 84, 80, 56, 104, 78,



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   89, 70, 108, 118, 97, 100, 77, 55, 68, 102, 108, 87, 57, 109, 87,
   101, 112, 79, 74, 104, 74, 54, 54, 119, 55, 110, 121, 111, 75, 49,
   103, 80, 78, 113, 70, 77, 83, 81, 82, 121, 79, 49, 50, 53, 71, 112,
   45, 84, 69, 107, 111, 100, 104, 87, 114, 48, 105, 117, 106, 106, 72,
   86, 120, 55, 66, 99, 86, 48, 108, 108, 83, 52, 119, 53, 65, 67, 71,
   103, 80, 114, 99, 65, 100, 54, 90, 99, 83, 82, 48, 45, 73, 113, 111,
   109, 45, 81, 70, 99, 78, 80, 56, 83, 106, 103, 48, 56, 54, 77, 119,
   111, 113, 81, 85, 95, 76, 89, 121, 119, 108, 65, 71, 90, 50, 49, 87,
   83, 100, 83, 95, 80, 69, 82, 121, 71, 70, 105, 78, 110, 106, 51, 81,
   81, 108, 79, 56, 89, 110, 115, 53, 106, 67, 116, 76, 67, 82, 119, 76,
   72, 76, 48, 80, 98, 49, 102, 69, 118, 52, 53, 65, 117, 82, 73, 117,
   85, 102, 86, 99, 80, 121, 83, 66, 87, 89, 110, 68, 121, 71, 120, 118,
   106, 89, 71, 68, 83, 77, 45, 65, 113, 87, 83, 57, 122, 73, 81, 50,
   90, 105, 108, 103, 84, 45, 71, 113, 85, 109, 105, 112, 103, 48, 88,
   79, 67, 48, 67, 99, 50, 48, 114, 103, 76, 101, 50, 121, 109, 76, 72,
   106, 112, 72, 99, 105, 67, 75, 86, 65, 98, 89, 53, 45, 76, 51, 50,
   45, 108, 83, 101, 90, 79, 45, 79, 115, 54, 85, 49, 53, 95, 97, 88,
   114, 107, 57, 71, 119, 56, 99, 80, 85, 97, 88, 49, 95, 73, 56, 115,
   76, 71, 117, 83, 105, 86, 100, 116, 51, 67, 95, 70, 110, 50, 80, 90,
   51, 90, 56, 105, 55, 52, 52, 70, 80, 70, 71, 71, 99, 71, 49, 113,
   115, 50, 87, 122, 45, 81, 34, 44, 34, 101, 34, 58, 34, 65, 81, 65,
   66, 34, 44, 34, 100, 34, 58, 34, 71, 82, 116, 98, 73, 81, 109, 104,
   79, 90, 116, 121, 115, 122, 102, 103, 75, 100, 103, 52, 117, 95, 78,
   45, 82, 95, 109, 90, 71, 85, 95, 57, 107, 55, 74, 81, 95, 106, 110,
   49, 68, 110, 102, 84, 117, 77, 100, 83, 78, 112, 114, 84, 101, 97,
   83, 84, 121, 87, 102, 83, 78, 107, 117, 97, 65, 119, 110, 79, 69, 98,
   73, 81, 86, 121, 49, 73, 81, 98, 87, 86, 86, 50, 53, 78, 89, 51, 121,
   98, 99, 95, 73, 104, 85, 74, 116, 102, 114, 105, 55, 98, 65, 88, 89,
   69, 82, 101, 87, 97, 67, 108, 51, 104, 100, 108, 80, 75, 88, 121, 57,
   85, 118, 113, 80, 89, 71, 82, 48, 107, 73, 88, 84, 81, 82, 113, 110,
   115, 45, 100, 86, 74, 55, 106, 97, 104, 108, 73, 55, 76, 121, 99,
   107, 114, 112, 84, 109, 114, 77, 56, 100, 87, 66, 111, 52, 95, 80,
   77, 97, 101, 110, 78, 110, 80, 105, 81, 103, 79, 48, 120, 110, 117,
   84, 111, 120, 117, 116, 82, 90, 74, 102, 74, 118, 71, 52, 79, 120,
   52, 107, 97, 51, 71, 79, 82, 81, 100, 57, 67, 115, 67, 90, 50, 118,
   115, 85, 68, 109, 115, 88, 79, 102, 85, 69, 78, 79, 121, 77, 113, 65,
   68, 67, 54, 112, 49, 77, 51, 104, 51, 51, 116, 115, 117, 114, 89, 49,
   53, 107, 57, 113, 77, 83, 112, 71, 57, 79, 88, 95, 73, 74, 65, 88,
   109, 120, 122, 65, 104, 95, 116, 87, 105, 90, 79, 119, 107, 50, 75,
   52, 121, 120, 72, 57, 116, 83, 51, 76, 113, 49, 121, 88, 56, 67, 49,
   69, 87, 109, 101, 82, 68, 107, 75, 50, 97, 104, 101, 99, 71, 56, 53,
   45, 111, 76, 75, 81, 116, 53, 86, 69, 112, 87, 72, 75, 109, 106, 79,
   105, 95, 103, 74, 83, 100, 83, 103, 113, 99, 78, 57, 54, 88, 53, 50,
   101, 115, 65, 81, 34, 44, 34, 112, 34, 58, 34, 50, 114, 110, 83, 79,
   86, 52, 104, 75, 83, 78, 56, 115, 83, 52, 67, 103, 99, 81, 72, 70,
   98, 115, 48, 56, 88, 98, 111, 70, 68, 113, 75, 117, 109, 51, 115, 99,
   52, 104, 51, 71, 82, 120, 114, 84, 109, 81, 100, 108, 49, 90, 75, 57,
   117, 119, 45, 80, 73, 72, 102, 81, 80, 48, 70, 107, 120, 88, 86, 114,



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   120, 45, 87, 69, 45, 90, 69, 98, 114, 113, 105, 118, 72, 95, 50, 105,
   67, 76, 85, 83, 55, 119, 65, 108, 54, 88, 118, 65, 82, 116, 49, 75,
   107, 73, 97, 85, 120, 80, 80, 83, 89, 66, 57, 121, 107, 51, 49, 115,
   48, 81, 56, 85, 75, 57, 54, 69, 51, 95, 79, 114, 65, 68, 65, 89, 116,
   65, 74, 115, 45, 77, 51, 74, 120, 67, 76, 102, 78, 103, 113, 104, 53,
   54, 72, 68, 110, 69, 84, 84, 81, 104, 72, 51, 114, 67, 84, 53, 84,
   51, 121, 74, 119, 115, 34, 44, 34, 113, 34, 58, 34, 49, 117, 95, 82,
   105, 70, 68, 80, 55, 76, 66, 89, 104, 51, 78, 52, 71, 88, 76, 84, 57,
   79, 112, 83, 75, 89, 80, 48, 117, 81, 90, 121, 105, 97, 90, 119, 66,
   116, 79, 67, 66, 78, 74, 103, 81, 120, 97, 106, 49, 48, 82, 87, 106,
   115, 90, 117, 48, 99, 54, 73, 101, 100, 105, 115, 52, 83, 55, 66, 95,
   99, 111, 83, 75, 66, 48, 75, 106, 57, 80, 97, 80, 97, 66, 122, 103,
   45, 73, 121, 83, 82, 118, 118, 99, 81, 117, 80, 97, 109, 81, 117, 54,
   54, 114, 105, 77, 104, 106, 86, 116, 71, 54, 84, 108, 86, 56, 67, 76,
   67, 89, 75, 114, 89, 108, 53, 50, 122, 105, 113, 75, 48, 69, 95, 121,
   109, 50, 81, 110, 107, 119, 115, 85, 88, 55, 101, 89, 84, 66, 55, 76,
   98, 65, 72, 82, 75, 57, 71, 113, 111, 99, 68, 69, 53, 66, 48, 102,
   56, 48, 56, 73, 52, 115, 34, 44, 34, 100, 112, 34, 58, 34, 75, 107,
   77, 84, 87, 113, 66, 85, 101, 102, 86, 119, 90, 50, 95, 68, 98, 106,
   49, 112, 80, 81, 113, 121, 72, 83, 72, 106, 106, 57, 48, 76, 53, 120,
   95, 77, 79, 122, 113, 89, 65, 74, 77, 99, 76, 77, 90, 116, 98, 85,
   116, 119, 75, 113, 118, 86, 68, 113, 51, 116, 98, 69, 111, 51, 90,
   73, 99, 111, 104, 98, 68, 116, 116, 54, 83, 98, 102, 109, 87, 122,
   103, 103, 97, 98, 112, 81, 120, 78, 120, 117, 66, 112, 111, 79, 79,
   102, 95, 97, 95, 72, 103, 77, 88, 75, 95, 108, 104, 113, 105, 103,
   73, 52, 121, 95, 107, 113, 83, 49, 119, 89, 53, 50, 73, 119, 106, 85,
   110, 53, 114, 103, 82, 114, 74, 45, 121, 89, 111, 49, 104, 52, 49,
   75, 82, 45, 118, 122, 50, 112, 89, 104, 69, 65, 101, 89, 114, 104,
   116, 116, 87, 116, 120, 86, 113, 76, 67, 82, 86, 105, 68, 54, 99, 34,
   44, 34, 100, 113, 34, 58, 34, 65, 118, 102, 83, 48, 45, 103, 82, 120,
   118, 110, 48, 98, 119, 74, 111, 77, 83, 110, 70, 120, 89, 99, 75, 49,
   87, 110, 117, 69, 106, 81, 70, 108, 117, 77, 71, 102, 119, 71, 105,
   116, 81, 66, 87, 116, 102, 90, 49, 69, 114, 55, 116, 49, 120, 68,
   107, 98, 78, 57, 71, 81, 84, 66, 57, 121, 113, 112, 68, 111, 89, 97,
   78, 48, 54, 72, 55, 67, 70, 116, 114, 107, 120, 104, 74, 73, 66, 81,
   97, 106, 54, 110, 107, 70, 53, 75, 75, 83, 51, 84, 81, 116, 81, 53,
   113, 67, 122, 107, 79, 107, 109, 120, 73, 101, 51, 75, 82, 98, 66,
   121, 109, 88, 120, 107, 98, 53, 113, 119, 85, 112, 88, 53, 69, 76,
   68, 53, 120, 70, 99, 54, 70, 101, 105, 97, 102, 87, 89, 89, 54, 51,
   84, 109, 109, 69, 65, 117, 95, 108, 82, 70, 67, 79, 74, 51, 120, 68,
   101, 97, 45, 111, 116, 115, 34, 44, 34, 113, 105, 34, 58, 34, 108,
   83, 81, 105, 45, 119, 57, 67, 112, 121, 85, 82, 101, 77, 69, 114, 80,
   49, 82, 115, 66, 76, 107, 55, 119, 78, 116, 79, 118, 115, 53, 69, 81,
   112, 80, 113, 109, 117, 77, 118, 113, 87, 53, 55, 78, 66, 85, 99,
   122, 83, 99, 69, 111, 80, 119, 109, 85, 113, 113, 97, 98, 117, 57,
   86, 48, 45, 80, 121, 52, 100, 81, 53, 55, 95, 98, 97, 112, 111, 75,
   82, 117, 49, 82, 57, 48, 98, 118, 117, 70, 110, 85, 54, 51, 83, 72,
   87, 69, 70, 103, 108, 90, 81, 118, 74, 68, 77, 101, 65, 118, 109,



Jones                     Expires July 20, 2015                [Page 31]

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   106, 52, 115, 109, 45, 70, 112, 48, 111, 89, 117, 95, 110, 101, 111,
   116, 103, 81, 48, 104, 122, 98, 73, 53, 103, 114, 121, 55, 97, 106,
   100, 89, 121, 57, 45, 50, 108, 78, 120, 95, 55, 54, 97, 66, 90, 111,
   79, 85, 117, 57, 72, 67, 74, 45, 85, 115, 102, 83, 79, 73, 56, 34,
   125]

C.2.  JOSE Header

   The following example JWE Protected Header declares that:

   o  the Content Encryption Key is encrypted to the recipient using the
      PSE2-HS256+A128KW algorithm to produce the JWE Encrypted Key,

   o  the Salt Input ("p2s") value is [217, 96, 147, 112, 150, 117, 70,
      247, 127, 8, 155, 137, 174, 42, 80, 215],

   o  the Iteration Count ("p2c") value is 4096,

   o  authenticated encryption is performed on the Plaintext using the
      AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm to produce the Ciphertext and
      the Authentication Tag, and

   o  the content type is application/jwk+json.


     {
      "alg":"PBES2-HS256+A128KW",
      "p2s":"2WCTcJZ1Rvd_CJuJripQ1w",
      "p2c":4096,
      "enc":"A128CBC-HS256",
      "cty":"jwk+json"
     }

   Encoding this JWE Protected Header as BASE64URL(UTF8(JWE Protected
   Header)) gives this value (with line breaks for display purposes
   only):

     eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzI1NitBMTI4S1ciLCJwMnMiOiIyV0NUY0paMVJ2ZF9DSn
     VKcmlwUTF3IiwicDJjIjo0MDk2LCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2IiwiY3R5Ijoi
     andrK2pzb24ifQ

C.3.  Content Encryption Key (CEK)

   Generate a 256 bit random Content Encryption Key (CEK).  In this
   example, the value (using JSON array notation) is:

   [111, 27, 25, 52, 66, 29, 20, 78, 92, 176, 56, 240, 65, 208, 82, 112,
   161, 131, 36, 55, 202, 236, 185, 172, 129, 23, 153, 194, 195, 48,



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   253, 182]

C.4.  Key Derivation

   Derive a key from a shared passphrase using the PBKDF2 algorithm with
   HMAC SHA-256 and the specified Salt and Iteration Count values and a
   128 bit requested output key size to produce the PBKDF2 Derived Key.
   This example uses the following passphrase:

     Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is purged.

   The octets representing the passphrase are:

   [84, 104, 117, 115, 32, 102, 114, 111, 109, 32, 109, 121, 32, 108,
   105, 112, 115, 44, 32, 98, 121, 32, 121, 111, 117, 114, 115, 44, 32,
   109, 121, 32, 115, 105, 110, 32, 105, 115, 32, 112, 117, 114, 103,
   101, 100, 46]

   The Salt value (UTF8(Alg) || 0x00 || Salt Input) is:

   [80, 66, 69, 83, 50, 45, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54, 43, 65, 49, 50, 56, 75,
   87, 0, 217, 96, 147, 112, 150, 117, 70, 247, 127, 8, 155, 137, 174,
   42, 80, 215].

   The resulting PBKDF2 Derived Key value is:

   [110, 171, 169, 92, 129, 92, 109, 117, 233, 242, 116, 233, 170, 14,
   24, 75]

C.5.  Key Encryption

   Encrypt the CEK with the "A128KW" algorithm using the PBKDF2 Derived
   Key. The resulting JWE Encrypted Key value is:

   [78, 186, 151, 59, 11, 141, 81, 240, 213, 245, 83, 211, 53, 188, 134,
   188, 66, 125, 36, 200, 222, 124, 5, 103, 249, 52, 117, 184, 140, 81,
   246, 158, 161, 177, 20, 33, 245, 57, 59, 4]

   Encoding this JWE Encrypted Key as BASE64URL(JWE Encrypted Key) gives
   this value:

     TrqXOwuNUfDV9VPTNbyGvEJ9JMjefAVn-TR1uIxR9p6hsRQh9Tk7BA

C.6.  Initialization Vector

   Generate a random 128 bit JWE Initialization Vector.  In this
   example, the value is:




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   [97, 239, 99, 214, 171, 54, 216, 57, 145, 72, 7, 93, 34, 31, 149,
   156]

   Encoding this JWE Initialization Vector as BASE64URL(JWE
   Initialization Vector) gives this value:

     Ye9j1qs22DmRSAddIh-VnA

C.7.  Additional Authenticated Data

   Let the Additional Authenticated Data encryption parameter be
   ASCII(BASE64URL(UTF8(JWE Protected Header))).  This value is:

   [123, 34, 97, 108, 103, 34, 58, 34, 80, 66, 69, 83, 50, 45, 72, 83,
   50, 53, 54, 43, 65, 49, 50, 56, 75, 87, 34, 44, 34, 112, 50, 115, 34,
   58, 34, 50, 87, 67, 84, 99, 74, 90, 49, 82, 118, 100, 95, 67, 74,
   117, 74, 114, 105, 112, 81, 49, 119, 34, 44, 34, 112, 50, 99, 34, 58,
   52, 48, 57, 54, 44, 34, 101, 110, 99, 34, 58, 34, 65, 49, 50, 56, 67,
   66, 67, 45, 72, 83, 50, 53, 54, 34, 44, 34, 99, 116, 121, 34, 58, 34,
   106, 119, 107, 43, 106, 115, 111, 110, 34, 125]

C.8.  Content Encryption

   Perform authenticated encryption on the Plaintext with the
   AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 algorithm using the CEK as the encryption
   key, the JWE Initialization Vector, and the Additional Authenticated
   Data value above.  The resulting Ciphertext is:

   [3, 8, 65, 242, 92, 107, 148, 168, 197, 159, 77, 139, 25, 97, 42,
   131, 110, 199, 225, 56, 61, 127, 38, 64, 108, 91, 247, 167, 150, 98,
   112, 122, 99, 235, 132, 50, 28, 46, 56, 170, 169, 89, 220, 145, 38,
   157, 148, 224, 66, 140, 8, 169, 146, 117, 222, 54, 242, 28, 31, 11,
   129, 227, 226, 169, 66, 117, 133, 254, 140, 216, 115, 203, 131, 60,
   60, 47, 233, 132, 121, 13, 35, 188, 53, 19, 172, 77, 59, 54, 211,
   158, 172, 25, 60, 111, 0, 80, 201, 158, 160, 210, 68, 55, 12, 67,
   136, 130, 87, 216, 197, 95, 62, 20, 155, 205, 5, 140, 27, 168, 221,
   65, 114, 78, 157, 254, 46, 206, 182, 52, 135, 87, 239, 3, 34, 186,
   126, 220, 151, 17, 33, 237, 57, 96, 172, 183, 58, 45, 248, 103, 241,
   142, 136, 7, 53, 16, 173, 181, 7, 93, 92, 252, 1, 53, 212, 242, 8,
   255, 11, 239, 181, 24, 148, 136, 111, 24, 161, 244, 23, 106, 69, 157,
   215, 243, 189, 240, 166, 169, 249, 72, 38, 201, 99, 223, 173, 229, 9,
   222, 82, 79, 157, 176, 248, 85, 239, 121, 163, 1, 31, 48, 98, 206,
   61, 249, 104, 216, 201, 227, 105, 48, 194, 193, 10, 36, 160, 159,
   241, 166, 84, 54, 188, 211, 243, 242, 40, 46, 45, 193, 193, 160, 169,
   101, 201, 1, 73, 47, 105, 142, 88, 28, 42, 132, 26, 61, 58, 63, 142,
   243, 77, 26, 179, 153, 166, 46, 203, 208, 49, 55, 229, 34, 178, 4,
   109, 180, 204, 204, 115, 1, 103, 193, 5, 91, 215, 214, 195, 1, 110,
   208, 53, 144, 36, 105, 12, 54, 25, 129, 101, 15, 183, 150, 250, 147,



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   115, 227, 58, 250, 5, 128, 232, 63, 15, 14, 19, 141, 124, 253, 142,
   137, 189, 135, 26, 44, 240, 27, 88, 132, 105, 127, 6, 71, 37, 41,
   124, 187, 165, 140, 34, 200, 123, 80, 228, 24, 231, 176, 132, 171,
   138, 145, 152, 116, 224, 50, 141, 51, 147, 91, 186, 7, 246, 106, 217,
   148, 244, 227, 244, 45, 220, 121, 165, 224, 148, 181, 17, 181, 128,
   197, 101, 237, 11, 169, 229, 149, 199, 78, 56, 15, 14, 190, 91, 216,
   222, 247, 213, 74, 40, 8, 96, 20, 168, 119, 96, 26, 24, 52, 37, 82,
   127, 57, 176, 147, 118, 59, 7, 224, 33, 117, 72, 155, 29, 82, 26,
   215, 189, 140, 119, 28, 152, 118, 93, 222, 194, 192, 148, 115, 83,
   253, 216, 212, 108, 88, 83, 175, 172, 220, 97, 79, 110, 42, 223, 170,
   161, 34, 164, 144, 193, 76, 122, 92, 160, 41, 178, 175, 6, 35, 96,
   113, 96, 158, 90, 129, 101, 26, 45, 70, 180, 189, 230, 15, 5, 247,
   150, 209, 94, 171, 26, 13, 142, 212, 129, 1, 176, 5, 0, 112, 203,
   174, 185, 119, 76, 233, 189, 54, 172, 189, 245, 223, 253, 205, 12,
   88, 9, 126, 157, 225, 90, 40, 229, 191, 63, 30, 160, 224, 69, 3, 140,
   109, 70, 89, 37, 213, 245, 194, 210, 180, 188, 63, 210, 139, 221, 2,
   144, 200, 20, 177, 216, 29, 227, 242, 106, 12, 135, 142, 139, 144,
   82, 225, 162, 171, 176, 108, 99, 6, 43, 193, 161, 116, 234, 216, 1,
   242, 21, 124, 162, 98, 205, 124, 193, 38, 12, 242, 90, 101, 76, 204,
   184, 124, 58, 180, 16, 240, 26, 76, 195, 250, 212, 191, 185, 191, 97,
   198, 186, 73, 225, 75, 14, 90, 123, 121, 172, 101, 50, 160, 221, 141,
   253, 205, 126, 77, 9, 87, 198, 110, 104, 182, 141, 120, 51, 25, 232,
   3, 32, 80, 6, 156, 8, 18, 4, 135, 221, 142, 25, 135, 2, 129, 132,
   115, 227, 74, 141, 28, 119, 11, 141, 117, 134, 198, 62, 150, 254, 97,
   75, 197, 251, 99, 89, 204, 224, 226, 67, 83, 175, 89, 0, 81, 29, 38,
   207, 89, 140, 255, 197, 177, 164, 128, 62, 116, 224, 180, 109, 169,
   28, 2, 59, 176, 130, 252, 44, 178, 81, 24, 181, 176, 75, 44, 61, 91,
   12, 37, 21, 255, 83, 130, 197, 16, 231, 60, 217, 56, 131, 118, 168,
   202, 58, 52, 84, 124, 162, 185, 174, 162, 226, 242, 112, 68, 246,
   202, 16, 208, 52, 154, 58, 129, 80, 102, 33, 171, 6, 186, 177, 14,
   195, 88, 136, 6, 0, 155, 28, 100, 162, 207, 162, 222, 117, 248, 170,
   208, 114, 87, 31, 57, 176, 33, 57, 83, 253, 12, 168, 110, 194, 59,
   22, 86, 48, 227, 196, 22, 176, 218, 122, 149, 21, 249, 195, 178, 174,
   250, 20, 34, 120, 60, 139, 201, 99, 40, 18, 177, 17, 54, 54, 6, 3,
   222, 128, 160, 88, 11, 27, 0, 81, 192, 36, 41, 169, 146, 8, 47, 64,
   136, 28, 64, 209, 67, 135, 202, 20, 234, 182, 91, 204, 146, 195, 187,
   0, 72, 77, 11, 111, 152, 204, 252, 177, 212, 89, 33, 50, 132, 184,
   44, 183, 186, 19, 250, 69, 176, 201, 102, 140, 14, 143, 212, 212,
   160, 123, 208, 185, 27, 155, 68, 77, 133, 198, 2, 126, 155, 215, 22,
   91, 30, 217, 176, 172, 244, 156, 174, 143, 75, 90, 21, 102, 1, 160,
   59, 253, 188, 88, 57, 185, 197, 83, 24, 22, 180, 174, 47, 207, 52, 1,
   141, 146, 119, 233, 68, 228, 224, 228, 193, 248, 155, 202, 90, 7,
   213, 88, 33, 108, 107, 14, 86, 8, 120, 250, 58, 142, 35, 164, 238,
   221, 219, 35, 123, 88, 199, 192, 143, 104, 83, 17, 166, 243, 247, 11,
   166, 67, 68, 204, 132, 23, 110, 103, 228, 14, 55, 122, 88, 57, 180,
   178, 237, 52, 130, 214, 245, 102, 123, 67, 73, 175, 1, 127, 112, 148,
   94, 132, 164, 197, 153, 217, 87, 25, 89, 93, 63, 22, 66, 166, 90,
   251, 101, 10, 145, 66, 17, 124, 36, 255, 165, 226, 97, 16, 86, 112,



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   154, 88, 105, 253, 56, 209, 229, 122, 103, 51, 24, 228, 190, 3, 236,
   48, 182, 121, 176, 140, 128, 117, 87, 251, 224, 37, 23, 248, 21, 218,
   85, 251, 136, 84, 147, 143, 144, 46, 155, 183, 251, 89, 86, 23, 26,
   237, 100, 167, 32, 130, 173, 237, 89, 55, 110, 70, 142, 127, 65, 230,
   208, 109, 69, 19, 253, 84, 130, 130, 193, 92, 58, 108, 150, 42, 136,
   249, 234, 86, 241, 182, 19, 117, 246, 26, 181, 92, 101, 155, 44, 103,
   235, 173, 30, 140, 90, 29, 183, 190, 77, 53, 206, 127, 5, 87, 8, 187,
   184, 92, 4, 157, 22, 18, 105, 251, 39, 88, 182, 181, 103, 148, 233,
   6, 63, 70, 188, 7, 101, 216, 127, 77, 31, 12, 233, 7, 147, 106, 30,
   150, 77, 145, 13, 205, 48, 56, 245, 220, 89, 252, 127, 51, 180, 36,
   31, 55, 18, 214, 230, 254, 217, 197, 65, 247, 27, 215, 117, 247, 108,
   157, 121, 11, 63, 150, 195, 83, 6, 134, 242, 41, 24, 105, 204, 5, 63,
   192, 14, 159, 113, 72, 140, 128, 51, 215, 80, 215, 39, 149, 94, 79,
   128, 34, 5, 129, 82, 83, 121, 187, 37, 146, 27, 32, 177, 167, 71, 9,
   195, 30, 199, 196, 205, 252, 207, 69, 8, 120, 27, 190, 51, 43, 75,
   249, 234, 167, 116, 206, 203, 199, 43, 108, 87, 48, 155, 140, 228,
   210, 85, 25, 161, 96, 67, 8, 205, 64, 39, 75, 88, 44, 238, 227, 16,
   0, 100, 93, 129, 18, 4, 149, 50, 68, 72, 99, 35, 111, 254, 27, 102,
   175, 108, 233, 87, 181, 44, 169, 18, 139, 79, 208, 14, 202, 192, 5,
   162, 222, 231, 149, 24, 211, 49, 120, 101, 39, 206, 87, 147, 204,
   200, 251, 104, 115, 5, 127, 117, 195, 79, 151, 18, 224, 52, 0, 245,
   4, 85, 255, 103, 217, 0, 116, 198, 80, 91, 167, 192, 154, 199, 197,
   149, 237, 51, 2, 131, 30, 226, 95, 105, 48, 68, 135, 208, 144, 120,
   176, 145, 157, 8, 171, 80, 94, 61, 92, 92, 220, 157, 13, 138, 51, 23,
   185, 124, 31, 77, 1, 87, 241, 43, 239, 55, 122, 86, 210, 48, 208,
   204, 112, 144, 80, 147, 106, 219, 47, 253, 31, 134, 176, 16, 135,
   219, 95, 17, 129, 83, 236, 125, 136, 112, 86, 228, 252, 71, 129, 218,
   174, 156, 236, 12, 27, 159, 11, 138, 252, 253, 207, 31, 115, 214,
   118, 239, 203, 16, 211, 205, 99, 22, 51, 163, 107, 162, 246, 199, 67,
   127, 34, 108, 197, 53, 117, 58, 199, 3, 190, 74, 70, 190, 65, 235,
   175, 97, 157, 215, 252, 189, 245, 100, 229, 248, 46, 90, 126, 237, 4,
   159, 128, 58, 7, 156, 236, 69, 191, 85, 240, 179, 224, 249, 152, 49,
   195, 223, 60, 78, 186, 157, 155, 217, 58, 105, 116, 164, 217, 111,
   215, 150, 218, 252, 84, 86, 248, 140, 240, 226, 61, 106, 208, 95, 60,
   163, 6, 0, 235, 253, 162, 96, 62, 234, 251, 249, 35, 21, 7, 211, 233,
   86, 50, 33, 203, 67, 248, 60, 190, 123, 48, 167, 226, 90, 191, 71,
   56, 183, 165, 17, 85, 76, 238, 140, 211, 168, 53, 223, 194, 4, 97,
   149, 156, 120, 137, 76, 33, 229, 243, 194, 208, 198, 202, 139, 28,
   114, 46, 224, 92, 254, 83, 100, 134, 158, 92, 70, 78, 61, 62, 138,
   24, 173, 216, 66, 198, 70, 254, 47, 59, 193, 53, 6, 139, 19, 153,
   253, 28, 199, 122, 160, 27, 67, 234, 209, 227, 139, 4, 50, 7, 178,
   183, 89, 252, 32, 128, 137, 55, 52, 29, 89, 12, 111, 42, 181, 51,
   170, 132, 132, 207, 170, 228, 254, 178, 213, 0, 136, 175, 8]

   The resulting Authentication Tag value is:

   [208, 113, 102, 132, 236, 236, 67, 223, 39, 53, 98, 99, 32, 121, 17,
   236]



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   Encoding this JWE Ciphertext as BASE64URL(JWE Ciphertext) gives this
   value (with line breaks for display purposes only):

     AwhB8lxrlKjFn02LGWEqg27H4Tg9fyZAbFv3p5ZicHpj64QyHC44qqlZ3JEmnZTgQo
     wIqZJ13jbyHB8LgePiqUJ1hf6M2HPLgzw8L-mEeQ0jvDUTrE07NtOerBk8bwBQyZ6g
     0kQ3DEOIglfYxV8-FJvNBYwbqN1Bck6d_i7OtjSHV-8DIrp-3JcRIe05YKy3Oi34Z_
     GOiAc1EK21B11c_AE11PII_wvvtRiUiG8YofQXakWd1_O98Kap-UgmyWPfreUJ3lJP
     nbD4Ve95owEfMGLOPflo2MnjaTDCwQokoJ_xplQ2vNPz8iguLcHBoKllyQFJL2mOWB
     wqhBo9Oj-O800as5mmLsvQMTflIrIEbbTMzHMBZ8EFW9fWwwFu0DWQJGkMNhmBZQ-3
     lvqTc-M6-gWA6D8PDhONfP2Oib2HGizwG1iEaX8GRyUpfLuljCLIe1DkGOewhKuKkZ
     h04DKNM5Nbugf2atmU9OP0Ldx5peCUtRG1gMVl7Qup5ZXHTjgPDr5b2N731UooCGAU
     qHdgGhg0JVJ_ObCTdjsH4CF1SJsdUhrXvYx3HJh2Xd7CwJRzU_3Y1GxYU6-s3GFPbi
     rfqqEipJDBTHpcoCmyrwYjYHFgnlqBZRotRrS95g8F95bRXqsaDY7UgQGwBQBwy665
     d0zpvTasvfXf_c0MWAl-neFaKOW_Px6g4EUDjG1GWSXV9cLStLw_0ovdApDIFLHYHe
     PyagyHjouQUuGiq7BsYwYrwaF06tgB8hV8omLNfMEmDPJaZUzMuHw6tBDwGkzD-tS_
     ub9hxrpJ4UsOWnt5rGUyoN2N_c1-TQlXxm5oto14MxnoAyBQBpwIEgSH3Y4ZhwKBhH
     PjSo0cdwuNdYbGPpb-YUvF-2NZzODiQ1OvWQBRHSbPWYz_xbGkgD504LRtqRwCO7CC
     _CyyURi1sEssPVsMJRX_U4LFEOc82TiDdqjKOjRUfKK5rqLi8nBE9soQ0DSaOoFQZi
     GrBrqxDsNYiAYAmxxkos-i3nX4qtByVx85sCE5U_0MqG7COxZWMOPEFrDaepUV-cOy
     rvoUIng8i8ljKBKxETY2BgPegKBYCxsAUcAkKamSCC9AiBxA0UOHyhTqtlvMksO7AE
     hNC2-YzPyx1FkhMoS4LLe6E_pFsMlmjA6P1NSge9C5G5tETYXGAn6b1xZbHtmwrPSc
     ro9LWhVmAaA7_bxYObnFUxgWtK4vzzQBjZJ36UTk4OTB-JvKWgfVWCFsaw5WCHj6Oo
     4jpO7d2yN7WMfAj2hTEabz9wumQ0TMhBduZ-QON3pYObSy7TSC1vVme0NJrwF_cJRe
     hKTFmdlXGVldPxZCplr7ZQqRQhF8JP-l4mEQVnCaWGn9ONHlemczGOS-A-wwtnmwjI
     B1V_vgJRf4FdpV-4hUk4-QLpu3-1lWFxrtZKcggq3tWTduRo5_QebQbUUT_VSCgsFc
     OmyWKoj56lbxthN19hq1XGWbLGfrrR6MWh23vk01zn8FVwi7uFwEnRYSafsnWLa1Z5
     TpBj9GvAdl2H9NHwzpB5NqHpZNkQ3NMDj13Fn8fzO0JB83Etbm_tnFQfcb13X3bJ15
     Cz-Ww1MGhvIpGGnMBT_ADp9xSIyAM9dQ1yeVXk-AIgWBUlN5uyWSGyCxp0cJwx7HxM
     38z0UIeBu-MytL-eqndM7LxytsVzCbjOTSVRmhYEMIzUAnS1gs7uMQAGRdgRIElTJE
     SGMjb_4bZq9s6Ve1LKkSi0_QDsrABaLe55UY0zF4ZSfOV5PMyPtocwV_dcNPlxLgNA
     D1BFX_Z9kAdMZQW6fAmsfFle0zAoMe4l9pMESH0JB4sJGdCKtQXj1cXNydDYozF7l8
     H00BV_Er7zd6VtIw0MxwkFCTatsv_R-GsBCH218RgVPsfYhwVuT8R4HarpzsDBufC4
     r8_c8fc9Z278sQ081jFjOja6L2x0N_ImzFNXU6xwO-Ska-QeuvYZ3X_L31ZOX4Llp-
     7QSfgDoHnOxFv1Xws-D5mDHD3zxOup2b2TppdKTZb9eW2vxUVviM8OI9atBfPKMGAO
     v9omA-6vv5IxUH0-lWMiHLQ_g8vnswp-Jav0c4t6URVUzujNOoNd_CBGGVnHiJTCHl
     88LQxsqLHHIu4Fz-U2SGnlxGTj0-ihit2ELGRv4vO8E1BosTmf0cx3qgG0Pq0eOLBD
     IHsrdZ_CCAiTc0HVkMbyq1M6qEhM-q5P6y1QCIrwg

   Encoding this JWE Authentication Tag as BASE64URL(JWE Authentication
   Tag) gives this value:

     0HFmhOzsQ98nNWJjIHkR7A

C.9.  Complete Representation

   Assemble the final representation: The JWE Compact Serialization of
   this result, as defined in Section 7.1 of [JWE], is the string
   BASE64URL(UTF8(JWE Protected Header)) || '.' || BASE64URL(JWE



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   Encrypted Key) || '.' || BASE64URL(JWE Initialization Vector) || '.'
   || BASE64URL(JWE Ciphertext) || '.' || BASE64URL(JWE Authentication
   Tag).

   The final result in this example (with line breaks for display
   purposes only) is:

     eyJhbGciOiJQQkVTMi1IUzI1NitBMTI4S1ciLCJwMnMiOiIyV0NUY0paMVJ2ZF9DSn
     VKcmlwUTF3IiwicDJjIjo0MDk2LCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2IiwiY3R5Ijoi
     andrK2pzb24ifQ.
     TrqXOwuNUfDV9VPTNbyGvEJ9JMjefAVn-TR1uIxR9p6hsRQh9Tk7BA.
     Ye9j1qs22DmRSAddIh-VnA.
     AwhB8lxrlKjFn02LGWEqg27H4Tg9fyZAbFv3p5ZicHpj64QyHC44qqlZ3JEmnZTgQo
     wIqZJ13jbyHB8LgePiqUJ1hf6M2HPLgzw8L-mEeQ0jvDUTrE07NtOerBk8bwBQyZ6g
     0kQ3DEOIglfYxV8-FJvNBYwbqN1Bck6d_i7OtjSHV-8DIrp-3JcRIe05YKy3Oi34Z_
     GOiAc1EK21B11c_AE11PII_wvvtRiUiG8YofQXakWd1_O98Kap-UgmyWPfreUJ3lJP
     nbD4Ve95owEfMGLOPflo2MnjaTDCwQokoJ_xplQ2vNPz8iguLcHBoKllyQFJL2mOWB
     wqhBo9Oj-O800as5mmLsvQMTflIrIEbbTMzHMBZ8EFW9fWwwFu0DWQJGkMNhmBZQ-3
     lvqTc-M6-gWA6D8PDhONfP2Oib2HGizwG1iEaX8GRyUpfLuljCLIe1DkGOewhKuKkZ
     h04DKNM5Nbugf2atmU9OP0Ldx5peCUtRG1gMVl7Qup5ZXHTjgPDr5b2N731UooCGAU
     qHdgGhg0JVJ_ObCTdjsH4CF1SJsdUhrXvYx3HJh2Xd7CwJRzU_3Y1GxYU6-s3GFPbi
     rfqqEipJDBTHpcoCmyrwYjYHFgnlqBZRotRrS95g8F95bRXqsaDY7UgQGwBQBwy665
     d0zpvTasvfXf_c0MWAl-neFaKOW_Px6g4EUDjG1GWSXV9cLStLw_0ovdApDIFLHYHe
     PyagyHjouQUuGiq7BsYwYrwaF06tgB8hV8omLNfMEmDPJaZUzMuHw6tBDwGkzD-tS_
     ub9hxrpJ4UsOWnt5rGUyoN2N_c1-TQlXxm5oto14MxnoAyBQBpwIEgSH3Y4ZhwKBhH
     PjSo0cdwuNdYbGPpb-YUvF-2NZzODiQ1OvWQBRHSbPWYz_xbGkgD504LRtqRwCO7CC
     _CyyURi1sEssPVsMJRX_U4LFEOc82TiDdqjKOjRUfKK5rqLi8nBE9soQ0DSaOoFQZi
     GrBrqxDsNYiAYAmxxkos-i3nX4qtByVx85sCE5U_0MqG7COxZWMOPEFrDaepUV-cOy
     rvoUIng8i8ljKBKxETY2BgPegKBYCxsAUcAkKamSCC9AiBxA0UOHyhTqtlvMksO7AE
     hNC2-YzPyx1FkhMoS4LLe6E_pFsMlmjA6P1NSge9C5G5tETYXGAn6b1xZbHtmwrPSc
     ro9LWhVmAaA7_bxYObnFUxgWtK4vzzQBjZJ36UTk4OTB-JvKWgfVWCFsaw5WCHj6Oo
     4jpO7d2yN7WMfAj2hTEabz9wumQ0TMhBduZ-QON3pYObSy7TSC1vVme0NJrwF_cJRe
     hKTFmdlXGVldPxZCplr7ZQqRQhF8JP-l4mEQVnCaWGn9ONHlemczGOS-A-wwtnmwjI
     B1V_vgJRf4FdpV-4hUk4-QLpu3-1lWFxrtZKcggq3tWTduRo5_QebQbUUT_VSCgsFc
     OmyWKoj56lbxthN19hq1XGWbLGfrrR6MWh23vk01zn8FVwi7uFwEnRYSafsnWLa1Z5
     TpBj9GvAdl2H9NHwzpB5NqHpZNkQ3NMDj13Fn8fzO0JB83Etbm_tnFQfcb13X3bJ15
     Cz-Ww1MGhvIpGGnMBT_ADp9xSIyAM9dQ1yeVXk-AIgWBUlN5uyWSGyCxp0cJwx7HxM
     38z0UIeBu-MytL-eqndM7LxytsVzCbjOTSVRmhYEMIzUAnS1gs7uMQAGRdgRIElTJE
     SGMjb_4bZq9s6Ve1LKkSi0_QDsrABaLe55UY0zF4ZSfOV5PMyPtocwV_dcNPlxLgNA
     D1BFX_Z9kAdMZQW6fAmsfFle0zAoMe4l9pMESH0JB4sJGdCKtQXj1cXNydDYozF7l8
     H00BV_Er7zd6VtIw0MxwkFCTatsv_R-GsBCH218RgVPsfYhwVuT8R4HarpzsDBufC4
     r8_c8fc9Z278sQ081jFjOja6L2x0N_ImzFNXU6xwO-Ska-QeuvYZ3X_L31ZOX4Llp-
     7QSfgDoHnOxFv1Xws-D5mDHD3zxOup2b2TppdKTZb9eW2vxUVviM8OI9atBfPKMGAO
     v9omA-6vv5IxUH0-lWMiHLQ_g8vnswp-Jav0c4t6URVUzujNOoNd_CBGGVnHiJTCHl
     88LQxsqLHHIu4Fz-U2SGnlxGTj0-ihit2ELGRv4vO8E1BosTmf0cx3qgG0Pq0eOLBD
     IHsrdZ_CCAiTc0HVkMbyq1M6qEhM-q5P6y1QCIrwg.
     0HFmhOzsQ98nNWJjIHkR7A




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Appendix D.  Acknowledgements

   A JSON representation for RSA public keys was previously introduced
   by John Panzer, Ben Laurie, and Dirk Balfanz in Magic Signatures
   [MagicSignatures].

   Thanks to Matt Miller for creating the encrypted key example and to
   Edmund Jay and Brian Campbell for validating the example.

   This specification is the work of the JOSE Working Group, which
   includes dozens of active and dedicated participants.  In particular,
   the following individuals contributed ideas, feedback, and wording
   that influenced this specification:

   Dirk Balfanz, Richard Barnes, John Bradley, Brian Campbell, Breno de
   Medeiros, Stephen Farrell, Joe Hildebrand, Edmund Jay, Stephen Kent,
   Ben Laurie, James Manger, Matt Miller, Kathleen Moriarty, Chuck
   Mortimore, Tony Nadalin, Axel Nennker, John Panzer, Eric Rescorla,
   Pete Resnick, Nat Sakimura, Jim Schaad, Ryan Sleevi, Paul Tarjan,
   Hannes Tschofenig, and Sean Turner.

   Jim Schaad and Karen O'Donoghue chaired the JOSE working group and
   Sean Turner, Stephen Farrell, and Kathleen Moriarty served as
   Security area directors during the creation of this specification.


Appendix E.  Document History

   [[ to be removed by the RFC Editor before publication as an RFC ]]

   -41

   o  Added Security Considerations text about binding attributes to
      keys.

   o  Incorporated additional terms defined in the JWE spec by
      reference.

   -40

   o  Clarified the definitions of UTF8(STRING) and ASCII(STRING).

   o  Stated that line breaks are for display purposes only in places
      where this disclaimer was needed and missing.

   o  Updated the WebCrypto reference to refer to the W3C Candidate
      Recommendation.




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   -39

   o  No changes were made, other than to the version number and date.

   -38

   o  Replaced uses of the phrase "JWK object" with "JWK".

   -37

   o  Updated the TLS requirements language to only require
      implementations to support TLS when they support features using
      TLS.

   o  Restricted algorithm names to using only ASCII characters.

   o  Updated the example IANA registration request subject line.

   -36

   o  Stated that if both "use" and "key_ops" are used, the information
      they convey MUST be consistent.

   o  Clarified where white space and line breaks may occur in JSON
      objects by referencing Section 2 of RFC 7159.

   o  Specified that registration reviews occur on the
      jose-reg-review@ietf.org mailing list.

   -35

   o  Used real values for examples in the IANA Registration Templates.

   -34

   o  Addressed IESG review comments by Pete Resnick, Stephen Farrell,
      and Richard Barnes.

   o  Referenced RFC 4945 for PEM certificate delimiter syntax.

   -33

   o  Addressed secdir review comments by Stephen Kent for which
      resolutions had mistakenly been omitted in the previous draft.

   o  Acknowledged additional contributors.

   -32



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   o  Addressed Gen-ART review comments by Russ Housley.

   o  Addressed secdir review comments by Stephen Kent.

   -31

   o  No changes were made, other than to the version number and date.

   -30

   o  Added references and cleaned up the reference syntax in a few
      places.

   o  Applied minor wording changes to the Security Considerations
      section.

   -29

   o  Replaced the terms JWS Header, JWE Header, and JWT Header with a
      single JOSE Header term defined in the JWS specification.  This
      also enabled a single Header Parameter definition to be used and
      reduced other areas of duplication between specifications.

   -28

   o  Revised the introduction to the Security Considerations section.

   o  Refined the text about when applications using encrypted JWKs and
      JWK Sets would not need to use the "cty" header parameter.

   -27

   o  Added an example JWK early in the draft.

   o  Described additional security considerations.

   o  Added the "x5t#S256" (X.509 Certificate SHA-256 Thumbprint) JWK
      member.

   o  Addressed a few editorial issues.

   -26

   o  Referenced Section 6 of RFC 6125 for TLS server certificate
      identity validation.

   o  Deleted misleading non-normative phrase from the "use"
      description.



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   o  Noted that octet sequences are depicted using JSON array notation.

   o  Updated references, including to W3C specifications.

   -25

   o  Updated WebCrypto reference to refer to W3C Last Call draft.

   -24

   o  Corrected the authentication tag value in the encrypted key
      example.

   o  Updated the JSON reference to RFC 7159.

   -23

   o  No changes were made, other than to the version number and date.

   -22

   o  Corrected RFC 2119 terminology usage.

   o  Replaced references to draft-ietf-json-rfc4627bis with RFC 7158.

   -21

   o  Replaced the "key_ops" values "wrap" and "unwrap" with "wrapKey"
      and "unwrapKey" to match the "KeyUsage" values defined in the
      current Web Cryptography API editor's draft.

   o  Compute the PBES2 salt parameter as (UTF8(Alg) || 0x00 || Salt
      Input), where the "p2s" Header Parameter encodes the Salt Input
      value and Alg is the "alg" Header Parameter value.

   o  Changed some references from being normative to informative,
      addressing issue #90.

   -20

   o  Renamed "use_details" to "key_ops" (key operations).

   o  Clarified that "use" is meant for public key use cases, "key_ops"
      is meant for use cases in which public, private, or symmetric keys
      may be present, and that "use" and "key_ops" should not be used
      together.





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   o  Replaced references to RFC 4627 with draft-ietf-json-rfc4627bis,
      addressing issue #90.

   -19

   o  Added optional "use_details" (key use details) JWK member.

   o  Reordered the key selection parameters.

   -18

   o  Changes to address editorial and minor issues #68, #69, #73, #74,
      #76, #77, #78, #79, #82, #85, #89, and #135.

   o  Added and used Description registry fields.

   -17

   o  Refined the "typ" and "cty" definitions to always be MIME Media
      Types, with the omission of "application/" prefixes recommended
      for brevity, addressing issue #50.

   o  Added an example encrypting an RSA private key with
      "PBES2-HS256+A128KW" and "A128CBC-HS256".  Thanks to Matt Miller
      for producing this!

   o  Processing rules occurring in both JWS and JWK are now referenced
      in JWS by JWK, rather than duplicated, addressing issue #57.

   o  Terms used in multiple documents are now defined in one place and
      incorporated by reference.  Some lightly used or obvious terms
      were also removed.  This addresses issue #58.

   -16

   o  Changes to address editorial and minor issues #41, #42, #43, #47,
      #51, #67, #71, #76, #80, #83, #84, #85, #86, #87, and #88.

   -15

   o  Changes to address editorial issues #48, #64, #65, #66, and #91.

   -14

   o  Relaxed language introducing key parameters since some parameters
      are applicable to multiple, but not all, key types.

   -13



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   o  Applied spelling and grammar corrections.

   -12

   o  Stated that recipients MUST either reject JWKs and JWK Sets with
      duplicate member names or use a JSON parser that returns only the
      lexically last duplicate member name.

   -11

   o  Stated that when "kid" values are used within a JWK Set, different
      keys within the JWK Set SHOULD use distinct "kid" values.

   o  Added optional "x5u" (X.509 URL), "x5t" (X.509 Certificate
      Thumbprint), and "x5c" (X.509 Certificate Chain) JWK parameters.

   o  Added section on Encrypted JWK and Encrypted JWK Set Formats.

   o  Added a Parameter Information Class value to the JSON Web Key
      Parameters registry, which registers whether the parameter conveys
      public or private information.

   o  Registered "application/jwk+json" and "application/jwk-set+json"
      MIME types and "JWK" and "JWK-SET" typ header parameter values,
      addressing issue #21.

   -10

   o  No changes were made, other than to the version number and date.

   -09

   o  Expanded the scope of the JWK specification to include private and
      symmetric key representations, as specified by
      draft-jones-jose-json-private-and-symmetric-key-00.

   o  Defined that members that are not understood must be ignored.

   -08

   o  Changed the name of the JWK key type parameter from "alg" to "kty"
      to enable use of "alg" to indicate the particular algorithm that
      the key is intended to be used with.

   o  Clarified statements of the form "This member is OPTIONAL" to "Use
      of this member is OPTIONAL".





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   o  Referenced String Comparison Rules in JWS.

   o  Added seriesInfo information to Internet Draft references.

   -07

   o  Changed the name of the JWK RSA modulus parameter from "mod" to
      "n" and the name of the JWK RSA exponent parameter from "xpo" to
      "e", so that the identifiers are the same as those used in RFC
      3447.

   -06

   o  Changed the name of the JWK RSA exponent parameter from "exp" to
      "xpo" so as to allow the potential use of the name "exp" for a
      future extension that might define an expiration parameter for
      keys.  (The "exp" name is already used for this purpose in the JWT
      specification.)

   o  Clarify that the "alg" (algorithm family) member is REQUIRED.

   o  Correct an instance of "JWK" that should have been "JWK Set".

   o  Applied changes made by the RFC Editor to RFC 6749's registry
      language to this specification.

   -05

   o  Indented artwork elements to better distinguish them from the body
      text.

   -04

   o  Refer to the registries as the primary sources of defined values
      and then secondarily reference the sections defining the initial
      contents of the registries.

   o  Normatively reference XML DSIG 2.0 for its security
      considerations.

   o  Added this language to Registration Templates: "This name is case
      sensitive.  Names that match other registered names in a case
      insensitive manner SHOULD NOT be accepted."

   o  Described additional open issues.

   o  Applied editorial suggestions.




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   -03

   o  Clarified that "kid" values need not be unique within a JWK Set.

   o  Moved JSON Web Key Parameters registry to the JWK specification.

   o  Added "Collision Resistant Namespace" to the terminology section.

   o  Changed registration requirements from RFC Required to
      Specification Required with Expert Review.

   o  Added Registration Template sections for defined registries.

   o  Added Registry Contents sections to populate registry values.

   o  Numerous editorial improvements.

   -02

   o  Simplified JWK terminology to get replace the "JWK Key Object" and
      "JWK Container Object" terms with simply "JSON Web Key (JWK)" and
      "JSON Web Key Set (JWK Set)" and to eliminate potential confusion
      between single keys and sets of keys.  As part of this change, the
      top-level member name for a set of keys was changed from "jwk" to
      "keys".

   o  Clarified that values with duplicate member names MUST be
      rejected.

   o  Established JSON Web Key Set Parameters registry.

   o  Explicitly listed non-goals in the introduction.

   o  Moved algorithm-specific definitions from JWK to JWA.

   o  Reformatted to give each member definition its own section
      heading.

   -01

   o  Corrected the Magic Signatures reference.

   -00

   o  Created the initial IETF draft based upon
      draft-jones-json-web-key-03 with no normative changes.





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Author's Address

   Michael B. Jones
   Microsoft

   Email: mbj@microsoft.com
   URI:   http://self-issued.info/












































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