 



INTERNET-DRAFT                                              Marc Linsner
Intended Status: Informational                             Cisco Systems
Expires: August 15, 2015                                  Philip Eardley
                                                        Trevor Burbridge
                                                                      BT
                                                          Frode Sorensen
                                                                    Nkom
                                                       February 11, 2015


              Large-Scale Broadband Measurement Use Cases 
                      draft-ietf-lmap-use-cases-06


Abstract

   Measuring broadband performance on a large scale is important for
   network diagnostics by providers and users, as well as for public
   policy.  Understanding the various scenarios and users of measuring
   broadband performance is essential to development of the Large-scale
   Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP) framework, information
   model and protocol. This document details two use cases that can
   assist to developing that framework.  The details of the measurement
   metrics themselves are beyond the scope of this document.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as
   Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html



 


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Copyright and License Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.



Table of Contents

   1  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
     2.1 Internet Service Provider (ISP) Use Case . . . . . . . . . .  3
     2.2 Regulator Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3  Details of ISP Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1 Understanding the quality experienced by customers . . . . .  5
     3.2 Understanding the impact and operation of new devices and 
         technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.3 Design and planning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.4 Monitoring Service Level Agreements  . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
     3.5 Identifying, isolating and fixing network problems . . . . .  7
   4  Details of Regulator Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     4.1  Providing transparent performance information . . . . . . .  8
     4.2 Measuring broadband deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.3 Monitoring traffic management practices  . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6  Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   7  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   8  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17








 


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1  Introduction

   This document describes two use cases for the Large-scale Measurement
   of Broadband Performance (LMAP). The use cases contained in this
   document are (1) the Internet Service Provider Use Case and (2) the
   Regulator Use Case. In the first, a network operator wants to
   understand the performance of the network and the quality experienced
   by customers, whilst in the second, a regulator wants to provide
   information on the performance of the ISPs in their jurisdiction.
   There are other use cases that are not the focus of the initial LMAP
   work, for example end users would like to use measurements to help
   identify problems in their home network and to monitor the
   performance of their broadband provider; it is expected that the same
   mechanisms are applicable.

   Large-scale measurements raise several security concerns, including
   privacy issues. These are summarized in Section 7 and considered in
   further detail in [framework]. 


2  Use Cases

   From the LMAP perspective, there is no difference between fixed
   service and mobile (cellular) service used for Internet access.
   Hence, like measurements will take place on both fixed and mobile
   networks.  Fixed services include technologies like Digital
   Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable, and Carrier Ethernet.  Mobile services
   include all those advertised as 2G, 3G, 4G, and Long-Term Evolution
   (LTE).  A metric defined to measure end-to-end services will execute
   similarly on all access technologies. Other metrics may be access
   technology specific. The LMAP architecture covers both IPv4 and IPv6
   networks.

2.1 Internet Service Provider (ISP) Use Case

   A network operator needs to understand the performance of their
   networks, the performance of the suppliers (downstream and upstream
   networks), the performance of Internet access services, and the
   impact that such performance has on the experience of their
   customers. Largely, the processes that ISPs operate (which are based
   on network measurement) include:

      o Identifying, isolating and fixing problems, which may be in the
      network, with the service provider, or in the end user equipment.
      Such problems may be common to a point in the network topology
      (e.g. a single exchange), common to a vendor or equipment type
      (e.g. line card or home gateway) or unique to a single user line
      (e.g. copper access). Part of this process may also be helping
 


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      users understand whether the problem exists in their home network
      or with a third party application service instead of with their
      broadband (BB) product.

      o Design and planning. Through monitoring the end user experience
      the ISP can design and plan their network to ensure specified
      levels of user experience. Services may be moved closer to end
      users, services upgraded, the impact of QoS assessed or more
      capacity deployed at certain locations. Service Level Agreements
      (SLAs) may be defined at network or product boundaries.

      o Understanding the quality experienced by customers. The network
      operator would like to gain better insight into the end-to-end
      performance experienced by its customers. "End-to-end" could, for
      instance, incorporate home and enterprise networks, and the impact
      of peering, caching and Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). 

      o Understanding the impact and operation of new devices and
      technology. As a new product is deployed, or a new technology
      introduced into the network, it is essential that its operation
      and its impact is measured. This also helps to quantify the
      advantage that the new technology is bringing and support the
      business case for larger roll-out.

2.2 Regulator Use Case

   A regulator may want to evaluate the performance of the Internet
   access services offered by operators.

   While each jurisdiction responds to distinct consumer, industry, and
   regulatory concerns, much commonality exists in the need to produce
   datasets that can be used to compare multiple Internet access service
   providers, diverse technical solutions, geographic and regional
   distributions, and marketed and provisioned levels and combinations
   of broadband Internet access services.

   Regulators may want to publish performance measures of different ISPs
   as background information for end users. They may also want to track
   the growth of high-speed broadband deployment, or to monitor the
   traffic management practices of Internet providers.

   A regulator's role in the development and enforcement of broadband
   Internet access service policies requires that the measurement
   approaches meet a high level of verifiability, accuracy and provider-
   independence to support valid and meaningful comparisons of Internet
   access service performance.  Standards can help regulators' shared
   needs for scalable, cost-effective, scientifically robust solutions
   to the measurement and collection of broadband Internet access
 


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   service performance information.

3  Details of ISP Use Case

3.1 Understanding the quality experienced by customers

   Operators want to understand the quality of experience (QoE) of their
   broadband customers. The understanding can be gained through a
   "panel", i.e. measurement probes deployed to several customers. A
   probe is a device or piece of software that makes measurements and
   reports the results, under the control of the measurement system.
   Implementation options are discussed in Section 5. The panel needs to
   include a representative sample of the operator's technologies and
   broadband speeds. For instance it might encompass speeds ranging from
   sub 8Mbps to over 100Mbps. The operator would like the end-to-end
   view of the service, rather than just the access portion. This
   involves relating the pure network parameters to something like a
   'mean opinion score' [MOS] which will be service dependent (for
   instance web browsing QoE is largely determined by latency above a
   few Mb/s).

   An operator will also want compound metrics such as "reliability",
   which might involve packet loss, DNS failures, re-training of the
   line, video streaming under-runs etc. 

   The operator really wants to understand the end-to-end service
   experience. However, the home network (Ethernet, WiFi, powerline) is
   highly variable and outside its control. To date, operators (and
   regulators) have instead measured performance from the home gateway.
   However, mobile operators clearly must include the wireless link in
   the measurement. 

   Active measurements are the most obvious approach, i.e., special
   measurement traffic is sent by - and to - the probe. In order not to
   degrade the service of the customer, the measurement data should only
   be sent when the user is silent, and it shouldn't reduce the
   customer's data allowance. The other approach is passive measurements
   on the customer's ordinary traffic; the advantage is that it measures
   what the customer actually does, but it creates extra variability
   (different traffic mixes give different results) and especially it
   raises privacy concerns. RFC6973] discusses privacy considerations
   for Internet protocols in general, whilst [framework] discusses them
   specifically for large-scale measurement systems. 


   From an operator's viewpoint, understanding customer experience
   enables it to offer better services. Also, simple metrics can be more
   easily understood by senior managers who make investment decisions
 


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   and by sales and marketing.

3.2 Understanding the impact and operation of new devices and technology

   Another type of measurement is to test new capabilities before they
   are rolled out. For example, the operator may want to: 

      o Check whether a customer can be upgraded to a new broadband
      option

      o Understand the impact of IPv6 before it is made available to
      customers. Questions such as these could be assessed: will v6
      packets get through? what will the latency be to major websites?
      what transition mechanisms will be most appropriate?

      o Check whether a new capability can be signaled using TCP options
      (how often it will be blocked by a middlebox? - along the lines of
      the experiments described in [Extend TCP]);

      o Investigate a quality of service mechanism (e.g. checking
      whether Diffserv markings are respected on some path); and so on. 

3.3 Design and planning

   Operators can use large scale measurements to help with their network
   planning - proactive activities to improve the network. 

   For example, by probing from several different vantage points the
   operator can see that a particular group of customers has performance
   below that expected during peak hours, which should help capacity
   planning. Naturally operators already have tools to help this - a
   network element reports its individual utilization (and perhaps other
   parameters). However, making measurements across a path rather than
   at a point may make it easier to understand the network. There may
   also be parameters like bufferbloat that aren't currently reported by
   equipment and/or that are intrinsically path metrics. 

   With information gained from measurement results, capacity planning
   and network design can be more effective. Such planning typically
   uses simulations to emulate the measured performance of the current
   network and understand the likely impact of new capacity and
   potential changes to the topology. Simulations, informed by data from
   a limited panel of probes, can help quantify the advantage that a new
   technology brings and support the business case for larger roll-out.

   It may also be possible to use probes to run stress tests for risk
   analysis. For example, an operator could run a carefully controlled
   and limited experiment in which probing is used to assess the
 


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   potential impact if some new application becomes popular.

3.4 Monitoring Service Level Agreements

   Another example is that the operator may want to monitor performance
   where there is a service level agreement (SLA). This could be with
   its own customers, especially enterprises may have an SLA. The
   operator can proactively spot when the service is degrading near to
   the SLA limit, and get information that will enable more informed
   conversations with the customer at contract renewal.

   An operator may also want to monitor the performance of its
   suppliers, to check whether they meet their SLA or to compare two
   suppliers if it is dual-sourcing. This could include its transit
   operator, CDNs, peering, video source, local network provider (for a
   global operator in countries where it doesn't have its own network),
   even the whole network for a virtual operator.

   Through a better understanding of its own network and its suppliers,
   the operator should be able to focus investment more effectively - in
   the right place at the right time with the right technology.

3.5 Identifying, isolating and fixing network problems

   Operators can use large scale measurements to help identify a fault
   more rapidly and decide how to solve it.

   Operators already have Test and Diagnostic tools, where a network
   element reports some problem or failure to a management system.
   However, many issues are not caused by a point failure but something
   wider and so will trigger too many alarms, whilst other issues will
   cause degradation rather than failure and so not trigger any alarm.
   Large-scale measurements can help provide a more nuanced view that
   helps network management to identify and fix problems more rapidly
   and accurately. The network management tools may use simulations to
   emulate the network and so help identify a fault and assess possible
   solutions.

   An operator can obtain useful information without measuring the
   performance on every broadband line. By measuring a subset, the
   operator can identify problems that affect a group of customers. For
   example, the issue could be at a shared point in the network topology
   (such as an exchange), or common to a vendor, or equipment type; for
   instance, [IETF85-Plenary] describes a case where a particular home
   gateway upgrade had caused a (mistaken!) drop in line rate.

   A more extensive deployment of the measurement capability to every
   broadband line would enable an operator to identify issues unique to
 


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   a single customer. Overall, large-scale measurements can help an
   operator help an operator fix the fault more rapidly and/or allow the
   affected customers to be informed what's happening. More accurate
   information enables the operator to reassure customers and take more
   rapid and effective action to cure the problem.

   Often customers experience poor broadband due to problems in the home
   network - the ISP's network is fine. For example they may have moved
   too far away from their wireless access point. Anecdotally, a large
   fraction of customer calls about fixed BB problems are due to in-home
   wireless issues. These issues are expensive and frustrating for an
   operator, as they are extremely hard to diagnose and solve. The
   operator would like to narrow down whether the problem is in the home
   (with the home network or edge device or home gateway), in the
   operator's network, or with an application service. The operator
   would like two capabilities. Firstly, self-help tools that customers
   use to improve their own service or understand its performance
   better, for example to re-position their devices for better WiFi
   coverage. Secondly, on-demand tests that can the operator can run
   instantly - so the call center person answering the phone (or e-chat)
   could trigger a test and get the result whilst the customer is still
   in an on-line session.

4  Details of Regulator Use Case

4.1  Providing transparent performance information

   Some regulators publish information about the quality of the various
   Internet access services provided in their national market. Quality
   information about service offers could include speed, delay, and
   jitter. Such information can be published to facilitate end users'
   choice of service provider and offer. Regulators may also check the
   accuracy of the marketing claims of Internet service providers, and
   may also encourage ISPs all to use the same metrics in their service
   level contracts. The goal with these transparency mechanisms is to
   promote competition for end users and potentially also help content,
   application, service and device providers develop their Internet
   offerings.

   The published information needs to be:

      o Accurate - the measurement results must be correct and not
      influenced by errors or side effects. The results should be
      reproducible and consistent over time.

      o Comparable - common metrics should be used across different ISPs
      and service offerings, and over time, so that measurement results
      can be compared.
 


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      o Meaningful - the metrics used for measurements need to reflect
      what end users value about their broadband Internet access
      service.

      o Reliable - the number and distribution of measurement agents,
      and the statistical processing of the raw measurement data, needs
      to be appropriate.

   In practical terms, the regulators may measure network performance
   from users towards multiple content and application providers,
   including dedicated test measurement servers. Measurement probes are
   distributed to a 'panel' of selected end users. The panel covers all
   the operators and packages in the market, spread over urban, suburban
   and rural areas, and often includes both fixed and mobile Internet
   access. Periodic tests running on the probes can for example measure
   actual speed at peak and off-peak hours, but also other detailed
   quality metrics like delay and jitter. Collected data goes afterwards
   through statistical analysis, deriving estimates for the whole
   population. Summary information, such as a service quality index, is
   published regularly, perhaps alongside more detailed information.

   The regulator can also facilitate end users to monitor the
   performance of their own broadband Internet access service. They
   might use this information to check that the performance meets that
   specified in their contract or to understand whether their current
   subscription is the most appropriate.

4.2 Measuring broadband deployment

   Regulators may also want to monitor the improvement through time of
   actual broadband Internet access performance in a specific country or
   a region. The motivation is often to evaluate the effect of the
   stimulated growth over time, when government has set a strategic goal
   for high-speed broadband deployment, whether in absolute terms or
   benchmarked against other countries. An example of such an initiative
   is [DAE].  The actual measurements can be made in the same way as
   described in Section 4.1.

4.3 Monitoring traffic management practices

   A regulator may want to monitor traffic management practices or
   compare the performance of Internet access service with specialized
   services offered in parallel to but separate from Internet access
   service  (for example IPTV).  A regulator could monitor for
   departures from application agnosticism such as blocking or
   throttling of traffic from specific applications, or preferential
   treatment of specific applications. A measurement system could send,
   or passively monitor, application-specific traffic and then measure
 


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   in detail the transfer of the different packets. Whilst it is
   relatively easy to measure port blocking, it is a research topic how
   to detect other types of differentiated treatment. The paper,
   "Glasnost: Enabling End Users to Detect Traffic Differentiation" [M-
   Labs NSDI 2010] and follow-on tool "Glasnost" [Glasnost] is an
   example of work in this area. 

   A regulator could also monitor the performance of the broadband
   service over time, to try and detect if the specialized service is
   provided at the expense of the Internet access service. Comparison
   between ISPs or between different countries may also be relevant for
   this kind of evaluation. 

   The motivation for a regulator monitoring such traffic management
   practices is that regulatory approaches related to net neutrality and
   the open Internet have been introduced in some jurisdictions.
   Examples of such efforts are the Internet policy as outlined by the
   Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications Guidelines
   for quality of service [BEREC Guidelines] and US FCC Preserving the
   Open Internet Report and Order [FCC R&O]. Although legal challenges
   can change the status of policy, the take-away for LMAP purposes is
   that policy-makers are looking for measurement solutions to assist
   them in discovering biased treatment of traffic flows. The exact
   definitions and requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another.

   5  Implementation Options

   There are several ways of implementing a measurement system. The
   choice may be influenced by the details of the particular use case
   and what the most important criteria are for the regulator, ISP or
   third party operating the measurement system.

   One type of probe is a special hardware device that is connected
   directly to the home gateway. The devices are deployed to a carefully
   selected panel of end users and they perform measurements according
   to a defined schedule. The schedule can run throughout the day, to
   allow continuous assessment of the network. Careful design ensures
   that measurements do not detrimentally impact the home user
   experience or corrupt the results by testing when the user is also
   using the broadband line. The system is therefore tightly controlled
   by the operator of the measurement system. One advantage of this
   approach is that it is possible to get reliable benchmarks for the
   performance of a network with only a few devices. One disadvantage is
   that it would be expensive to deploy hardware devices on a mass scale
   sufficient to understand the performance of the network at the
   granularity of a single broadband user.

   Another type of probe involves implementing the measurement
 


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   capability as a webpage or an "app" that end users are encouraged to
   download onto their mobile phone or computing device. Measurements
   are triggered by the end user, for example the user interface may
   have a button to "test my broadband now". One advantage of this
   approach is that the performance is measured to the end user, rather
   than to the home gateway, and so includes the home network. Another
   difference is that the system is much more loosely controlled, as the
   panel of end users and the schedule of tests are determined by the
   end users themselves rather than the measurement system. It would be
   easier to get large-scale, however it is harder to get comparable
   benchmarks as the measurements are affected by the home network and
   also the population is self-selecting and so potentially biased
   towards those who think they have a problem. This could be alleviated
   by stimulating widespread downloading of the app and careful post-
   processing of the results to reduce biases.

   There are several other possibilities. For example, as a variant on
   the first approach, the measurement capability could be implemented
   as software embedded in the home gateway, which would make it more
   viable to have the capability on every user line. As a variant on the
   second approach, the end user could initiate measurements in response
   to a request from the measurement system.

   The operator of the measurement system should be careful to ensure
   that measurements do not detrimentally impact users. Potential issues
   include:

      * Measurement traffic generated on a particular user's line may
      impact that end user's quality of experience. The danger is
      greater for measurements that generate a lot of traffic over a
      lengthy period.

      * The measurement traffic may impact that particular user's bill
      or traffic cap.

      * The measurement traffic from several end users may, in
      combination, congest a shared link.

      * The traffic associated with the control and reporting of
      measurements may overload the network. The danger is greater where
      the traffic associated with many end users is synchronized. 

6  Conclusions

   Large-scale measurements of broadband performance are useful for both
   network operators and regulators. Network operators would like to use
   measurements to help them better understand the quality experienced
   by their customers, identify problems in the network and design
 


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   network improvements. Regulators would like to use measurements to
   help promote competition between network operators, stimulate the
   growth of broadband access and monitor 'net neutrality'. There are
   other use cases that are not the focus of the initial LMAP charter
   (although it is expected that the mechanisms developed would be
   readily applied), for example end users would like to use
   measurements to help identify problems in their home network and to
   monitor the performance of their broadband provider.

   From consideration of the various use cases, several common themes
   emerge whilst there are also some detailed differences. These
   characteristics guide the development of LMAP's framework,
   information model and protocol.

   A measurement capability is needed across a wide number of
   heterogeneous environments. Tests may be needed in the home network,
   in the ISP's network or beyond; they may be measuring a fixed or
   wireless network; they may measure just the access network or across
   several networks; at least some of which are not operated by the
   measurement provider.

   There is a role for both standardized and non-standardized
   measurements. For example, a regulator would like to publish
   standardized performance metrics for all network operators, whilst an
   ISP may need their own tests to understand some feature special to
   their network. Most use cases need active measurements, which create
   and measure specific test traffic, but some need passive measurements
   of the end user's traffic. 

   Regardless of the tests being operated, there needs to be a way to
   demand or schedule the tests. Most use cases need a regular schedule
   of measurements, but sometimes ad hoc testing is needed, for example
   for troubleshooting. It needs to be ensured that measurements do not
   affect the user experience and are not affected by user traffic
   (unless desired). In addition there needs to be a common way to
   collect the results. Standardization of this control and reporting
   functionality allows the operator of a measurement system to buy the
   various components from different vendors.

   After the measurement results are collected, they need to be
   understood and analyzed. Often it is sufficient to measure only a
   small subset of end users, but per-line fault diagnosis requires the
   ability to test every individual line. Analysis requires accurate
   definition and understanding of where the test points are, as well as
   contextual information about the topology, line, product and the
   subscriber's contract. The actual analysis of results is beyond the
   scope of LMAP, as is the key challenge of how to integrate the
   measurement system into a network operator's existing tools for
 


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   diagnostics and network planning.

   Finally the test data, along with any associated network, product or
   subscriber contract data is commercial or private information and
   needs to be protected.

7  Security Considerations

    Large-scale measurements raise several potential security, privacy 
   (data protection) [RFC6973] and business sensitivity issues. 

      1. a malicious party may try to gain control of probes to launch
      DoS (Denial of Service) attacks at a target. A DoS attack could be
      targeted at a particular end user or set of end users, a certain
      network, or a specific service provider.

      2. a malicious party may try to gain control of probes to create a
      platform for pervasive monitoring [RFC7258], or for more targeted
      monitoring. [RFC7258] summarises the threats as: "an attack may
      change the content of the communication, record the content or
      external characteristics of the communication, or through
      correlation with other communication events, reveal information
      the parties did not intend to be revealed." For example, a
      malicious party could distribute to the probes a new measurement
      test that recorded (and later reported) information of maleficent
      interest. Similar concerns also arise if the measurement results
      are intercepted or corrupted.

        * from the end user's perspective, the concerns include a
        malicious party monitoring the traffic they send and receive,
        who they communicate with and the websites they visit, and
        information about their behaviour such as when they are at home
        and the location of their devices. Some of the concerns may be
        greater when the MA is on the end user's device rather than on
        their home gateway. 

        * from the network operator's perspective, the concerns include
        the leakage of commercially-sensitive information about the
        design and operation of their network, their customers and
        suppliers. Some threats are indirect, for example the attacker
        could reconnoitre potential weaknesses, such as open ports and
        paths through the network, which enabled it to launch an attack
        later.

        * from the regulator's perspective, the concerns include
        distortion of the measurement tests or alteration of the
        measurement results. Also, a malicious network operator could
        try to identify the broadband lines that the regulator was
 


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        measuring and prioritise that traffic ("game the system").

      3. a measurement system that does not obtain the end user's
      informed consent, or fails to specify a specific purpose in the
      consent, or uses the collected information for secondary uses
      beyond those specified.

      4. a measurement system that does not indicate who is responsible
      for the collection and processing of personal data and who is
      responsible for fulfilling the rights of users. The responsible
      party (often termed the "data controller") should, as good
      practice, consider issues such as defining:- the purpose for which
      the data is collected and used; how the data is stored, accessed,
      and processed; how long it is retained for; and how the end user
      can view, update, and even delete their personal data. If
      anonymized personal data is shared with a third party, the data
      controller should consider the possibility that the third party
      can de-anonymize it by combining it with other information.  

   These security and privacy issues will need to be considered
   carefully by any measurement system. In the context of LMAP, the
   [framework] considers them further along with some potential
   mitigations. Other LMAP documents will specify protocol(s) that
   enable the measurement system to instruct a probe about what
   measurements to make and that enable the probe to report the
   measurement results. Those documents will need to discuss solutions
   to the security and privacy issues. However, the protocol documents
   will not consider the actual usage of the measurement information;
   many use cases can be envisaged and, earlier in this document, we
   have described some likely ones for the network operator and
   regulator.


8  IANA Considerations

   None

Contributors

   The information in this document is partially derived from text
   written by the following contributors:

   James Miller		jamesmilleresquire@gmail.com

   Rachel Huang		rachel.huang@huawei.com


Informative References
 


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   [IETF85-Plenary] Crawford, S., "Large-Scale Active Measurement of
              Broadband Networks",
              http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/85/slides/slides-85-iesg-
              opsandtech-7.pdf 'example' from slide 18 

   [Extend TCP] Michio Honda, Yoshifumi Nishida, Costin Raiciu, Adam
              Greenhalgh, Mark Handley and Hideyuki Tokuda. "Is it Still
              Possible to Extend TCP?" Proc. ACM Internet Measurement
              Conference (IMC), November 2011, Berlin, Germany.
              http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/82/slides/IRTF-1.pdf

   [framework] Eardley, P., Morton, A., Bagnulo, M., Burbridge, T.,
              Aitken, P., Akhter, A.  "A framework for large-scale
              measurement platforms (LMAP)",
              http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-lmap-framework/

   [RFC6973]  Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H.z., Aboba, B., Peterson, J.,
              Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy
              Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, July
              2013.

   [RFC7258]  Farrell, S., Tschofenig, H., "PPervasive Monitoring Is an
              Attack", RFC 7258, May 2014.

   [FCC R&O]  United States Federal Communications Commission, 10-201,
              "Preserving the Open Internet, Broadband Industries
              Practices, Report and Order",
              http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-
              201A1.pdf

   [BEREC Guidelines] Body of European Regulators for Electronic
              Communications, "BEREC Guidelines for quality of service
              in the scope of net neutrality",
              http://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/
              subject_matter/berec/download/0/1101-berec-guidelines-for-
              quality-of-service-_0.pdf

   [M-Labs NSDI 2010] M-Lab, "Glasnost: Enabling End Users to Detect
              Traffic Differentiation",
              http://www.measurementlab.net/download/AMIfv945ljiJXzG-
              fgUrZSTu2hs1xRl5Oh-rpGQMWL305BNQh-
              BSq5oBoYU4a7zqXOvrztpJhK9gwk5unOe-fOzj4X-vOQz_HRrnYU-
              aFd0rv332RDReRfOYkJuagysstN3GZ__lQHTS8_UHJTWkrwyqIUjffVeDxQ/

   [Glasnost] M-Lab tool "Glasnost", http://mlab-live.appspot.com/tools/
              glasnost


 


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   [P.800] ITU-T, "SERIES P: TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION QUALITY Methods for
              objective and subjective assessment of quality",
              https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=e&id=T-REC-
              P.800-199608-I!!PDF-E&type=items

   [MOS] Wikipedia, "Mean Opinion Score",
              http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_opinion_score

   [DAE] Digital Agenda for Europe, COM(2010)245 final, Communication
              from the Commission to the European Parliament, the
              Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and
              the Committee of the Regions, http://eur-
              lex.europa.eu/legal-
              content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0245&from=EN


































 


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Authors' Addresses


              Marc Linsner
              Cisco Systems, Inc.
              Marco Island, FL
              USA

              EMail: mlinsner@cisco.com

              Philip Eardley
              BT
              B54 Room 77, Adastral Park, Martlesham
              Ipswich, IP5 3RE
              UK

              Email: philip.eardley@bt.com

              Trevor Burbridge
              BT
              B54 Room 77, Adastral Park, Martlesham
              Ipswich, IP5 3RE
              UK

              Email: trevor.burbridge@bt.com

              Frode Sorensen
              Norwegian Communications Authority (Nkom)
              Lillesand
              Norway

              Email: frode.sorensen@nkom.no



















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