I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS
- LIST OF LANGUAGES
- SEE ALSO
- COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
- AUTHOR

# NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

# SYNOPSIS

      use I18N::LangTags::List;
      print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
        ), "?\n";

prints:

      Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

# DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function `I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag )` that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also provides a function `I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag )` that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like ``fr'' or ``fr-ca'', below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like ``aus'', that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

# ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as ``en'' for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code (``en-US''). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like ``i-mingo''), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

- Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a ``_'' instead of a ``-'', (almost?) always matches `m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/`, and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in ``en_US.ISO8859-1''.

- Language tags are not for computer languages.

- ``Dialect'' is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.

- Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.

- Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus ``Cushitic (Other)'' (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for ``South American Indian (Other)''. Though useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.

- Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code `.jp` for Japan.

# LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

{ab} : Abkhazian

  eq Abkhaz

{ace} : Achinese
{ach} : Acoli
{ada} : Adangme
{ady} : Adyghe

  eq Adygei

{aa} : Afar
{afh} : Afrihili

  (Artificial)

{af} : Afrikaans
[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]
{ak} : Akan

  (Formerly ``aka''.)

{akk} : Akkadian

  (Historical)

{sq} : Albanian
{ale} : Aleut
[{alg} : Algonquian languages]

  NOT Algonquin!

[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]
{am} : Amharic

  NOT Aramaic!

{i-ami} : Ami

  eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.

[{apa} : Apache languages]
{ar} : Arabic

  Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.

{arc} : Aramaic

  NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!

{arp} : Arapaho
{arn} : Araucanian
{arw} : Arawak
{hy} : Armenian
{an} : Aragonese
[{art} : Artificial (Other)]
{ast} : Asturian

  eq Bable.

{as} : Assamese
[{ath} : Athapascan languages]

  eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.

[{aus} : Australian languages]
[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]
{av} : Avaric

  (Formerly ``ava''.)

{ae} : Avestan

  eq Zend

{awa} : Awadhi
{ay} : Aymara
{az} : Azerbaijani

  eq Azeri

  Notable forms: {az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.

{ban} : Balinese
[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]
{bal} : Baluchi
{bm} : Bambara

  (Formerly ``bam''.)

[{bai} : Bamileke languages]
{bad} : Banda
[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]
{bas} : Basa
{ba} : Bashkir
{eu} : Basque
{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)
{bej} : Beja
{be} : Belarusian

  eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian!

{bem} : Bemba
{bn} : Bengali

  eq Bangla.

[{ber} : Berber (Other)]
{bho} : Bhojpuri
{bh} : Bihari
{bik} : Bikol
{bin} : Bini
{bi} : Bislama

  eq Bichelamar.

{bs} : Bosnian
{bra} : Braj
{br} : Breton
{bug} : Buginese
{bg} : Bulgarian
{i-bnn} : Bunun
{bua} : Buriat
{my} : Burmese
{cad} : Caddo
{car} : Carib
{ca} : Catalan

  eq Catalán. eq Catalonian.

[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]
{ceb} : Cebuano
[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]

  Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)

[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]
{chg} : Chagatai

  (Historical?)

[{cmc} : Chamic languages]
{ch} : Chamorro
{ce} : Chechen
{chr} : Cherokee

  eq Tsalagi

{chy} : Cheyenne
{chb} : Chibcha

  (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).

{ny} : Chichewa

  eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.

{zh} : Chinese

  Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly ``i-hakka'']; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.

{chn} : Chinook Jargon

  eq Chinook Wawa.

{chp} : Chipewyan
{cho} : Choctaw
{cu} : Church Slavic

  eq Old Church Slavonic.

{chk} : Chuukese

  eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.

{cv} : Chuvash
{cop} : Coptic
{kw} : Cornish
{co} : Corsican

  eq Corse.

{cr} : Cree

  NOT Creek! (Formerly ``cre''.)

{mus} : Creek

  NOT Cree!

[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
{hr} : Croatian

  eq Croat.

[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]
{cs} : Czech
{dak} : Dakota

  eq Nakota. eq Latoka.

{da} : Danish
{dar} : Dargwa
{day} : Dayak
{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language

  Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.

{del} : Delaware
{din} : Dinka
{dv} : Divehi

  eq Maldivian. (Formerly ``div''.)

{doi} : Dogri

  NOT Dogrib!

{dgr} : Dogrib

  NOT Dogri!

[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]
{dua} : Duala
{nl} : Dutch

  eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.

{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)

  (Historical)

{dyu} : Dyula
{dz} : Dzongkha
{efi} : Efik
{egy} : Ancient Egyptian

  (Historical)

{eka} : Ekajuk
{elx} : Elamite

  (Historical)

{en} : English

  Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.

{enm} : Old English (1100-1500)

  (Historical)

{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)

  eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)

{i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial)
{myv} : Erzya
{eo} : Esperanto

  (Artificial)

{et} : Estonian
{ee} : Ewe

  (Formerly ``ewe''.)

{ewo} : Ewondo
{fan} : Fang
{fat} : Fanti
{fo} : Faroese
{fj} : Fijian
{fi} : Finnish
[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]

  eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!

{fon} : Fon
{fr} : French

  Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.

{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)

  (Historical)

{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)

  (Historical)

{fy} : Frisian
{fur} : Friulian
{ff} : Fulah

  (Formerly ``ful''.)

{gaa} : Ga
{gd} : Scots Gaelic

  NOT Scots!

{gl} : Gallegan

  eq Galician

{lg} : Ganda

  (Formerly ``lug''.)

{gay} : Gayo
{gba} : Gbaya
{gez} : Geez

  eq Ge'ez

{ka} : Georgian
{de} : German

  Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.

{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)

  (Historical)

{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)

  (Historical)

[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]
{gil} : Gilbertese
{gon} : Gondi
{gor} : Gorontalo
{got} : Gothic

  (Historical)

{grb} : Grebo
{grc} : Ancient Greek

  (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)

{el} : Modern Greek

  (Since 15th century or so.)

{gn} : Guarani

  Guaraní

{gu} : Gujarati
{gwi} : Gwich'in

  eq Gwichin

{hai} : Haida
{ht} : Haitian

  eq Haitian Creole

{ha} : Hausa
{haw} : Hawaiian

  Hawai'ian

{he} : Hebrew

  (Formerly ``iw''.)

{hz} : Herero
{hil} : Hiligaynon
{him} : Himachali
{hi} : Hindi
{ho} : Hiri Motu
{hit} : Hittite

  (Historical)

{hmn} : Hmong
{hu} : Hungarian
{hup} : Hupa
{iba} : Iban
{is} : Icelandic
{io} : Ido

  (Artificial)

{ig} : Igbo

  (Formerly ``ibo''.)

{ijo} : Ijo
{ilo} : Iloko
[{inc} : Indic (Other)]
[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]
{id} : Indonesian

  (Formerly ``in''.)

{inh} : Ingush
{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)

  (Artificial) NOT Interlingue!

{ie} : Interlingue

  (Artificial) NOT Interlingua!

{iu} : Inuktitut

  A subform of ``Eskimo''.

{ik} : Inupiaq

  A subform of ``Eskimo''.

[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]
{ga} : Irish
{mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)

  (Historical)

{sga} : Old Irish (to 900)

  (Historical)

[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]
{it} : Italian

  Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian.

{ja} : Japanese

  (NOT ``jp''!)

{jv} : Javanese

  (Formerly ``jw'' because of a typo.)

{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic
{jpr} : Judeo-Persian
{kbd} : Kabardian
{kab} : Kabyle
{kac} : Kachin
{kl} : Kalaallisut

  eq Greenlandic ``Eskimo''

{xal} : Kalmyk
{kam} : Kamba
{kn} : Kannada

  eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian!

{kr} : Kanuri

  (Formerly ``kau''.)

{krc} : Karachay-Balkar
{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak
{kar} : Karen
{ks} : Kashmiri
{csb} : Kashubian

  eq Kashub

{kaw} : Kawi
{kk} : Kazakh
{kha} : Khasi
{km} : Khmer

  eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.

[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]
{kho} : Khotanese
{ki} : Kikuyu

  eq Gikuyu.

{kmb} : Kimbundu
{rw} : Kinyarwanda
{ky} : Kirghiz
{i-klingon} : Klingon
{kv} : Komi
{kg} : Kongo

  (Formerly ``kon''.)

{kok} : Konkani
{ko} : Korean
{kos} : Kosraean
{kpe} : Kpelle
{kro} : Kru
{kj} : Kuanyama
{kum} : Kumyk
{ku} : Kurdish
{kru} : Kurukh
{kut} : Kutenai
{lad} : Ladino

  eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy).

{lah} : Lahnda

  NOT Lamba!

{lam} : Lamba

  NOT Lahnda!

{lo} : Lao

  eq Laotian.

{la} : Latin

  (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino!

{lv} : Latvian

  eq Lettish.

{lb} : Letzeburgesch

  eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly ``i-lux''.)

{lez} : Lezghian
{li} : Limburgish

  eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch!

{ln} : Lingala
{lt} : Lithuanian
{nds} : Low German

  eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.

{art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial)
{loz} : Lozi
{lu} : Luba-Katanga

  (Formerly ``lub''.)

{lua} : Luba-Lulua
{lui} : Luiseno

  eq Luiseño.

{lun} : Lunda
{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
{lus} : Lushai
{mk} : Macedonian

  eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!

{mad} : Madurese
{mag} : Magahi
{mai} : Maithili
{mak} : Makasar
{mg} : Malagasy
{ms} : Malay

  NOT Malayalam!

{ml} : Malayalam

  NOT Malay!

{mt} : Maltese
{mnc} : Manchu
{mdr} : Mandar

  NOT Mandarin!

{man} : Mandingo
{mni} : Manipuri

  eq Meithei.

[{mno} : Manobo languages]
{gv} : Manx
{mi} : Maori

  NOT Mari!

{mr} : Marathi
{chm} : Mari

  NOT Maori!

{mh} : Marshall

  eq Marshallese.

{mwr} : Marwari
{mas} : Masai
[{myn} : Mayan languages]
{men} : Mende
{mic} : Micmac
{min} : Minangkabau
{i-mingo} : Mingo

  eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca!

[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]

  Don't use this.

{moh} : Mohawk
{mdf} : Moksha
{mo} : Moldavian

  eq Moldovan.

[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]
{lol} : Mongo
{mn} : Mongolian

  eq Mongol.

{mos} : Mossi
[{mul} : Multiple languages]

  Not for normal use.

[{mun} : Munda languages]
{nah} : Nahuatl
{nap} : Neapolitan
{na} : Nauru
{nv} : Navajo

  eq Navaho. (Formerly ``i-navajo''.)

{nd} : North Ndebele
{nr} : South Ndebele
{ng} : Ndonga
{ne} : Nepali

  eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.

{new} : Newari
{nia} : Nias
[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]
[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]
{niu} : Niuean
{nog} : Nogai
{non} : Old Norse

  (Historical)

[{nai} : North American Indian]

  Do not use this.

{no} : Norwegian

  Note the two following forms:

{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal

  eq Bokmål, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly ``no-bok''.)

{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk

  (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly ``no-nyn''.)

[{nub} : Nubian languages]
{nym} : Nyamwezi
{nyn} : Nyankole
{nyo} : Nyoro
{nzi} : Nzima
{oc} : Occitan (post 1500)

  eq Provençal, eq Provencal

{oj} : Ojibwa

  eq Ojibwe. (Formerly ``oji''.)

{or} : Oriya
{om} : Oromo
{osa} : Osage
{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic
[{oto} : Otomian languages]

  Group of languages collectively called ``Otomí''.

{pal} : Pahlavi

  eq Pahlevi

{i-pwn} : Paiwan

  eq Pariwan

{pau} : Palauan
{pi} : Pali

  (Historical?)

{pam} : Pampanga
{pag} : Pangasinan
{pa} : Panjabi

  eq Punjabi

{pap} : Papiamento

  eq Papiamentu.

[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]
{fa} : Persian

  eq Farsi. eq Iranian.

{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)
[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]
{phn} : Phoenician

  (Historical)

{pon} : Pohnpeian

  NOT Pompeiian!

{pl} : Polish
{pt} : Portuguese

  eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.

[{pra} : Prakrit languages]
{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)

  eq Old Provençal. (Historical.)

{ps} : Pushto

  eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.

{qu} : Quechua

  eq Quecha.

{rm} : Raeto-Romance

  eq Romansh.

{raj} : Rajasthani
{rap} : Rapanui
{rar} : Rarotongan
[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]
[{roa} : Romance (Other)]

  NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!

{ro} : Romanian

  eq Rumanian. NOT Romany!

{rom} : Romany

  eq Rom. NOT Romanian!

{rn} : Rundi
{ru} : Russian

  NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!

[{sal} : Salishan languages]

  Large language group.

{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic

  NOT Aramaic!

{se} : Northern Sami

  eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.

{sma} : Southern Sami
{smn} : Inari Sami
{smj} : Lule Sami
{sms} : Skolt Sami
[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]
{sm} : Samoan
{sad} : Sandawe
{sg} : Sango
{sa} : Sanskrit

  (Historical)

{sat} : Santali
{sc} : Sardinian

  eq Sard.

{sas} : Sasak
{sco} : Scots

  NOT Scots Gaelic!

{sel} : Selkup
[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]
{sr} : Serbian

  eq Serb. NOT Sorbian.

  Notable forms: {sr-Cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-Latn} : Serbian in Latin script.

{srr} : Serer
{shn} : Shan
{sn} : Shona
{sid} : Sidamo
{sgn-...} : Sign Languages

  Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL).

  (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.)

{bla} : Siksika

  eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.

{sd} : Sindhi
{si} : Sinhalese

  eq Sinhala.

[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]
[{sio} : Siouan languages]
{den} : Slave (Athapascan)

  (``Slavey'' is a subform.)

[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]
{sk} : Slovak

  eq Slovakian.

{sl} : Slovenian

  eq Slovene.

{sog} : Sogdian
{so} : Somali
{son} : Songhai
{snk} : Soninke
{wen} : Sorbian languages

  eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian!

{nso} : Northern Sotho
{st} : Southern Sotho

  eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.

[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]
{es} : Spanish

  Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.

{suk} : Sukuma
{sux} : Sumerian

  (Historical)

{su} : Sundanese
{sus} : Susu
{sw} : Swahili

  eq Kiswahili

{ss} : Swati
{sv} : Swedish

  Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.

{syr} : Syriac
{tl} : Tagalog
{ty} : Tahitian
[{tai} : Tai (Other)]

  NOT Thai!

{tg} : Tajik
{tmh} : Tamashek
{ta} : Tamil
{i-tao} : Tao

  eq Yami.

{tt} : Tatar
{i-tay} : Tayal

  eq Atayal. eq Atayan.

{te} : Telugu
{ter} : Tereno
{tet} : Tetum
{th} : Thai

  NOT Tai!

{bo} : Tibetan
{tig} : Tigre
{ti} : Tigrinya
{tem} : Timne

  eq Themne. eq Timene.

{tiv} : Tiv
{tli} : Tlingit
{tpi} : Tok Pisin
{tkl} : Tokelau
{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)

  NOT Tsonga!

{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)

  (Pronounced ``Tong-a'', not ``Tong-ga'')

  NOT Tsonga!

{tsi} : Tsimshian

  eq Sm'algyax

{ts} : Tsonga

  NOT Tonga!

{i-tsu} : Tsou
{tn} : Tswana

  Same as Setswana.

{tum} : Tumbuka
[{tup} : Tupi languages]
{tr} : Turkish

  (Typically in Roman script)

{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)

  (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)

{crh} : Crimean Turkish

  eq Crimean Tatar

{tk} : Turkmen

  eq Turkmeni.

{tvl} : Tuvalu
{tyv} : Tuvinian

  eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.

{tw} : Twi
{udm} : Udmurt
{uga} : Ugaritic

  NOT Ugric!

{ug} : Uighur
{uk} : Ukrainian
{umb} : Umbundu
{und} : Undetermined

  Not a tag for normal use.

{ur} : Urdu
{uz} : Uzbek

  eq Özbek

  Notable forms: {uz-Cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-Latn} Uzbek in Latin script.

{vai} : Vai
{ve} : Venda

  NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly ``ven''.)

{vi} : Vietnamese

  eq Viet.

{vo} : Volapuk

  eq Volapük. (Artificial)

{vot} : Votic

  eq Votian. eq Vod.

[{wak} : Wakashan languages]
{wa} : Walloon
{wal} : Walamo

  eq Wolaytta.

{war} : Waray

  Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samareño), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.

{was} : Washo

  eq Washoe

{cy} : Welsh
{wo} : Wolof
{x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use)

  ``x-'' is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch

{xh} : Xhosa
{sah} : Yakut
{yao} : Yao

  (The Yao in Malawi?)

{yap} : Yapese

  eq Yap

{ii} : Sichuan Yi
{yi} : Yiddish

  Formerly ``ji''. Usually in Hebrew script.

  Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script

{yo} : Yoruba
[{ypk} : Yupik languages]

  Several ``Eskimo'' languages.

{znd} : Zande
[{zap} : Zapotec]

  (A group of languages.)

{zen} : Zenaga

  NOT Zend.

{za} : Zhuang
{zu} : Zulu
{zun} : Zuni

  eq Zuñi

# SEE ALSO

I18N::LangTags and its ``See Also'' section.

# COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.

You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.

This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.

Email any corrections or questions to me.

# AUTHOR

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages