# X Transport Interface

## X Consortium Standard

### Stuart Anderson

NCR Corporation

### Ralph Mor

X Consortium

### Alan Coopersmith

Oracle Corp.

X Version 11, Release 7.7

Version 1.2

Copyright © 1993, 1994 NCR Corporation - Dayton, Ohio, USA

All Rights Reserved

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# The X Transport Interface

Designed by Stuart Anderson (NCR) with help from Ralph Mor (X Consortium)

### Note

This documentation does not completely match the implementation in R6 (as a result of some late changes made in the code). Specifically, support was added for font server cloning, and conditional compliation was introduced for client vs. server code.

# Chapter 1. Purposes and Goals

The X Transport Interface is intended to combine all system and transport specific code into a single place in the source tree. This API should be used by all libraries, clients and servers of the X Window System. Use of this API should allow the addition of new types of transports and support for new platforms without making any changes to the source except in the X Transport Interface code.

This interface should solve the problem of multiple `#ifdef TRANSPORT` and `#ifdef PLATFORM` statements scattered throughout the source tree.

This interface should provide enough functionality to support all types of protocols, including connection oriented protocols such as X11 and FS, and connection-less oriented protocols such as XDMCP.

# Chapter 2. Overview of the Interface

The interface provides an API for use by applications. The functions in this API perform work that is common to all transports and systems, such as parsing an address into a host and port number. The functions in this API call transport specific functions that are contained in a table whose contents are defined at compile time. This table contains an entry for each type of transport. Each entry is a record containing mostly pointers to function that implements the interface for the given transport.

This API does not provide an abstraction for `select()` or `poll()`. These functions are themselves transport independent, so an additional interface is not needed for these functions. It is also unclear how such an interface would affect performance.

# Chapter 3. Definition of Address Specification Format

Addresses are specified in the following syntax,

    protocol/host:port

where `protocol` specifies a protocol family or an alias for a protocol family. A definition of common protocol families is given in a later section.

The `host` part specifies the name of a host or other transport dependent entity that could be interpreted as a Network Service Access Point (NSAP).

The `port` part specifies the name of a Transport Service Access Point (TSAP). The format of the TSAP is defined by the underlying transport implementation, but it is represented using a string format when it is part of an address.

# Chapter 4. Internal Data Structures

There are two major data structures associated with the transport independent portion of this interface. Additional data structures may be used internally by each transport.

## Xtransport

Each transport supported has an entry in the transport table. The transport table is an array of Xtransport records. Each record contains all the entry points for a single transport. This record is defined as:

    typedef struct _Xtransport {

        const char *TransName;
        int  flags;

        XtransConnInfo (*OpenCOTSClient)(
         struct _Xtransport *,    /* transport */
         const char *,            /* protocol */
         const char *,            /* host */
         const char *             /* port */
        );

        XtransConnInfo (*OpenCOTSServer)(
         struct _Xtransport *,    /* transport */
         const char *,            /* protocol */
         const char *,            /* host */
         const char *             /* port */
        );

        int     (*SetOption)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         int,               /* option */
         int               /* arg */
        );

        int     (*CreateListener)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         const char *,            /* port */
         int                      /* flags */
        );

        int     (*ResetListener)(
         XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
        );

        XtransConnInfo (*Accept)(
         XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
        );

        int     (*Connect)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         const char *,            /* host */
         const char *             /* port */
        );

        int     (*BytesReadable)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         BytesReadable_t *     /* pend */
        );

        int     (*Read)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         char *,               /* buf */
         int               /* size */
        );

        int     (*Write)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         const char *,            /* buf */
         int               /* size */
        );

        int     (*Readv)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         struct iovec *,          /* buf */
         int               /* size */
        );

        int     (*Writev)(
         XtransConnInfo,          /* connection */
         struct iovec *,          /* buf */
         int               /* size */
        );

        int     (*Disconnect)(
         XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
        );

        int     (*Close)(
         XtransConnInfo          /* connection */
        );

    } Xtransport;

The `flags` field can contain an OR of the following masks:

TRANS_ALIAS | indicates that this record is providing an alias, and should not be used to create a listener.
TRANS_LOCAL | indicates that this is a LOCALCONN transport.
TRANS_ABSTRACT | indicates that a local connection transport uses the abstract socket namespace.

Some additional flags may be set in the `flags` field by the library while it is running:

TRANS_DISABLED | indicates that this transport has been disabled.
TRANS_NOLISTEN | indicates that servers should not open new listeners using this transport.
TRANS_NOUNLINK | set by a transport backend to indicate that the endpoints for its connection should not be unlinked.

## XtransConnInfo

Each connection will have an opaque XtransConnInfo transport connection object allocated for it. This record contains information specific to the connection. The record is defined as:

    typedef struct _XtransConnInfo *XtransConnInfo;

    struct _XtransConnInfo {
        struct _Xtransport     *transptr;
        char     *priv;
        int          flags;
        int          fd;
        int          family;
        char     *addr;
        int          addrlen;
        char     *peeraddr;
        int          peeraddrlen;
    };

# Chapter 5. Exposed Transport Independent API

This API is included in each library and server that uses it. The API may be used by the library, but it is not added to the public API for that library. This interface is simply an implementation facilitator. This API contains a low level set of core primitives, and a few utility functions that are built on top of the primitives. The utility functions exist to provide a more familiar interface that can be used to port existing code.

A macro is defined in Xtrans.h for TRANS(func) that creates a unique function name depending on where the code is compiled. For example, when built for Xlib, `TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)` becomes `_X11TransOpenCOTSClient`.

All failures are considered fatal, and the connection should be closed and re-established if desired. In most cases, however, the value of errno will be available for debugging purposes.

## Core Interface API

- `XtransConnInfo TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)(`const char *address`)`;

  This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport that is suitable for use by a client. The parameter `address` contains the full address of the server to which this endpoint will be connected. This function returns an opaque transport connection object on success, or `NULL` on failure.

- `XtransConnInfo TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)(`const char *address`)`;

  This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport that is suitable for use by a server. The parameter `address` contains the full address to which this server will be bound. This function returns an opaque transport connection object on success, or `NULL` on failure.

- `int TRANS(SetOption)(`XtransConnInfo connection, int option, int arg`)`;

  This function sets transport options, similar to the way `setsockopt()` and `ioctl()` work. The parameter `connection` is an endpoint that was obtained from `_XTransOpen*()` functions. The parameter `option` contains the option that will be set. The actual values for `option` are defined in a later section. The parameter `arg` can be used to pass in an additional value that may be required by some options. This function returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

  ### Note

  Based on current usage, the complimentary function `TRANS(GetOption)` is not necessary.

- `int TRANS(CreateListener)(`XtransConnInfo connection, const char *port, int flags`)`;

  This function sets up the server endpoint for listening. The parameter `connection` is an endpoint that was obtained from `TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)()`. The parameter `port` specifies the port to which this endpoint should be bound for listening. If port is `NULL`, then the transport may attempt to allocate any available TSAP for this connection. If the transport cannot support this, then this function will return a failure. The `flags` parameter can be set to ADDR_IN_USE_ALLOWED to allow the call to the underlying binding function to fail with a EADDRINUSE error without causing the `TRANS(CreateListener)` function itself to fail. This function return 0 on success and -1 on failure.

- `int TRANS(ResetListener)(`XtransConnInfo connection`)`;

  When a server is restarted, certain listen ports may need to be reset. For example, unix domain needs to check that the file used for communication has not been deleted. If it has, it must be recreated. The parameter `connection` is an opened and bound endpoint that was obtained from `TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)()` and passed to `TRANS(CreateListener)()`. This function will return one of the following values: TRANS_RESET_NOOP, TRANS_RESET_NEW_FD, or TRANS_RESET_FAILURE.

- `XtransConnInfo TRANS(Accept)(`XtransConnInfo connection`)`;

  Once a connection indication is received, this function can be called to accept the connection. The parameter `connection` is an opened and bound endpoint that was obtained from `TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)()` and passed to `TRANS(CreateListener)()`. This function will return a new opaque transport connection object upon success, `NULL` otherwise.

- `int TRANS(Connect)(`XtransConnInfo connection, const char *address`)`;

  This function creates a connection to a server. The parameter `connection` is an endpoint that was obtained from `TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)()`. The parameter `address` specifies the TSAP to which this endpoint should connect. If the protocol is included in the address, it will be ignored. This function returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

- `int TRANS(BytesReadable)(`XtransConnInfo connection, BytesReadable_t *pend`)`;

  This function provides the same functionality as the `BytesReadable` macro.

- `int TRANS(Read)(`XtransConnInfo connection, char *buf, int size`)`;

  This function will return the number of bytes requested on a COTS connection, and will return the minimum of the number bytes requested.

- `int TRANS(Write)(`XtransConnInfo connection, const char *buf, int size`)`;

  This function will write the requested number of bytes on a COTS connection.

- `int TRANS(Readv)(`XtransConnInfo connection, struct iovec *buf, int size`)`;

  Similar to `TRANS(Read)()`.

- `int TRANS(Writev)(`XtransConnInfo connection, struct iovec *buf, int size`)`;

  Similar to `TRANS(Write)()`.

- `int TRANS(Disconnect)(`XtransConnInfo connection`)`;

  This function is used when an orderly disconnect is desired. This function breaks the connection on the transport. It is similar to the socket function `shutdown()`.

- `int TRANS(Close)(`XtransConnInfo connection`)`;

  This function closes the transport, unbinds it, and frees all resources that was associated with the transport. If a `TRANS(Disconnect)` call was not made on the connection, a disorderly disconnect may occur.

- `int TRANS(IsLocal)(`XtransConnInfo connection`)`;

  Returns TRUE if it is a local transport.

- `int TRANS(GetMyAddr)(`XtransConnInfo connection, int *familyp, int *addrlenp, Xtransaddr **addrp`)`;

  This function is similar to `getsockname()`. This function will allocate space for the address, so it must be freed by the caller. Not all transports will have a valid address until a connection is established. This function should not be used until the connection is established with `Connect()` or `Accept()`.

- `int TRANS(GetPeerAddr)(`XtransConnInfo connection, int *familyp, int *addrlenp, Xtransaddr **addrp`)`;

  This function is similar to `getpeername()`. This function will allocate space for the address, so it must be freed by the caller. Not all transports will have a valid address until a connection is established. This function should not be used until the connection is established with `Connect()` or `Accept()`.

- `int TRANS(GetConnectionNumber)(`XtransConnInfo connection`)`;

  Returns the file descriptor associated with this transport.

- `int TRANS(MakeAllCOTSServerListeners)(`const char *port, int *partial_ret, int *count_ret, XtransConnInfo **connections_ret`)`;

  This function should be used by most servers. It will try to establish a COTS server endpoint for each transport listed in the transport table. `partial_ret` will be set to True if only a partial network could be created. `count_ret` is the number of transports returned, and `connections_ret` is the list of transports.

## Utility API

This section describes a few useful functions that have been implemented on top of the Core Interface API. These functions are being provided as a convenience.

- `int TRANS(ConvertAddress)(`int *familyp, int *addrlenp, Xtransaddr *addrp`)`;

  This function converts a sockaddr based address to an X authorization based address (ie AF_INET, AF_UNIX to the X protocol definition (ie FamilyInternet, FamilyLocal)).

# Chapter 6. Transport Option Definition

The following options are defined for the `TRANS(SetOption)()` function. If an OS or transport does not support any of these options, then it will silently ignore the option.

- TRANS_NONBLOCKING

  This option controls the blocking mode of the connection. If the argument is set to 1, then the connection will be set to blocking. If the argument is set to 0, then the connection will be set to non- blocking.

- TRANS_CLOSEONEXEC

  This option determines what will happen to the connection when an exec is encountered. If the argument is set to 1, then the connection will be closed when an exec occurs. If the argument is set to 0, then the connection will not be closed when an exec occurs.

# Chapter 7. Hidden Transport Dependent API

The hidden transport dependent functions are placed in the Xtransport record. These function are similar to the Exposed Transport Independent API, but some of the parameters and return values are slightly different. Stuff like the `#ifdef SUNSYSV` should be handled inside these functions.

- `XtransConnInfo *OpenCOTSClient(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, const char *protocol, const char *host, const char *port`)`;

  This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport. The parameter `thistrans` points to an Xtransport entry in the transport table. The parameters `protocol`, `host`, and `port`, point to strings containing the corresponding parts of the address that was passed into `TRANS(OpenCOTSClient)()`. This function must allocate and initialize the contents of the XtransConnInfo structure that is returned by this function. This function will open the transport, and bind it into the transport namespace if applicable. The local address portion of the XtransConnInfo structure will also be filled in by this function.

- `XtransConnInfo *OpenCOTSServer(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, const char *protocol, const char *host, const char *port`)`;

  This function creates a Connection-Oriented Transport. The parameter `thistrans` points to an Xtransport entry in the transport table. The parameters `protocol`, `host`, and `port` point to strings containing the corresponding parts of the address that was passed into `TRANS(OpenCOTSServer)()`. This function must allocate and initialize the contents of the XtransConnInfo structure that is returned by this function. This function will open the transport.

- `int SetOption(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, int option, int arg`)`;

  This function provides a transport dependent way of implementing the options defined by the X Transport Interface. In the current prototype, this function is not being used, because all of the options defined so far are transport independent. This function will have to be used if a radically different transport type is added, or a transport dependent option is defined.

- `int CreateListener(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, const char *port, int flags`)`;

  This function takes a transport endpoint opened for a server, and sets it up to listen for incoming connection requests. The parameter `port` contains the port portion of the address that was passed to the Open function. The parameter `flags` should be set to ADDR_IN_USE_ALLOWED if the underlying transport endpoint may be already bound and this should not be considered as an error. Otherwise flags should be set to 0. This is used by IPv6 code, where the same socket can be bound to both an IPv6 address and then to a IPv4 address. This function will bind the transport into the transport name space if applicable, and fill in the local address portion of the XtransConnInfo structure. The transport endpoint will then be set to listen for incoming connection requests.

- `int ResetListener(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans`)`;

  This function resets the transport for listening.

- `XtransConnInfo Accept(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans`)`;

  This function creates a new transport endpoint as a result of an incoming connection request. The parameter `thistrans` is the endpoint that was opened for listening by the server. The new endpoint is opened and bound into the transport’s namespace. A XtransConnInfo structure describing the new endpoint is returned from this function

- `int Connect(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, const char *host, const char *port`)`;

  This function establishes a connection to a server. The parameters `host` and `port` describe the server to which the connection should be established. The connection will be established so that `Read()` and `Write()` call can be made.

- `int BytesReadable(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, BytesReadable_t *pend`)`;

  This function replaces the `BytesReadable()` macro. This allows each transport to have its own mechanism for determining how much data is ready to be read.

- `int Read(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, char *buf, int size`)`;

  This function reads `size` bytes into `buf` from the connection.

- `int Write(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, char *buf, int size`)`;

  This function writes `size` bytes from `buf` to the connection.

- `int Readv(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, struct iovec *buf, int size`)`;

  This function performs a `readv()` on the connection.

- `int Writev(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans, struct iovec *buf, int size`)`;

  This function performs a `writev()` on the connection.

- `int Disconnect(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans`)`;

  This function initiates an orderly shutdown of a connection. If a transport does not distinguish between orderly and disorderly disconnects, then a call to this function will have no affect.

- `int Close(`struct _Xtransport *thistrans`)`;

  This function will break the connection, and close the endpoint.

# Chapter 8. Configuration

The implementation of each transport can be platform specific. It is expected that existing connection types such as TCPCONN, UNIXCONN, LOCALCONN, and STREAMSCONN will be replaced with flags for each possible transport type.

In X11R6, the below flags to enable transport types were set in ConnectionFlags in the `vendor.cf` or `site.def` config files.

In X11R7 modular releases, these flags are set when running `configure` scripts which include the `XTRANS_CONNECTION_FLAGS` macro from `xtrans.m4`.

`#define` | configure flag | Description
--- | --- | ---
TCPCONN | `--enable-tcp-transport` | Enables the INET (IPv4) Domain Socket based transport
IPv6 | `--enable-ipv6` | Extends TCPCONN to enable IPv6 Socket based transport
UNIXCONN | `--enable-unix-transport` | Enables the UNIX Domain Socket based transport
STREAMSCONN | Not available in X11R7 | Enables the TLI based transports
LOCALCONN | `--enable-local-transport` | Enables the SYSV Local connection transports
DNETCONN | Not available in X11R7 | Enables the DECnet transports

# Chapter 9. Transport Specific Definitions

Protocol Family | Address Component
--- | ---
protocol | host | port
Internet | inet inet6 tcp udp | name of an internet addressable host | string containing the name of a service or a valid port number. Example: "xserver0", "7100"
DECnet | decnet | name of a DECnet addressable host | string containing the complete name of the object. Example: "X$X0"
NETware | ipx | name of a NETware addressable host | Not sure of the specifics yet.
OSI | osi | name of an OSI addressable host. | Not sure of the specifics yet.
Local | local pts named sco isc | (ignored) | String containing the port name, ie "xserver0", "fontserver0".

# Chapter 10. Implementation Notes

This section refers to the prototype implementation that is being developed concurrently with this document. This prototype has been able to flush out many details and problems as the specification was being developed.

In X11R6, all of the source code for this interface was located in `xc/lib/xtrans`.

In X11R7, all of the source code for this interface is delivered via the `lib/libxtrans` modular package from X.Org, and is installed under ``${prefix}`/X11/Xtrans` so that other modules may find it when they build.

All functions names in the source are of the format `TRANS(func)()`. The `TRANS()` macro is defined as

    #define TRANS(func) _PROTOCOLTrans##func

PROTOCOL will be uniquely defined in each directory where this code is compiled. PROTOCOL will be defined to be the name of the protocol that is implemented by the library or server, such as X11, FS, and ICE.

All libraries and servers that use the X Transport Interface should have a new file called ``TRANSPORT`trans.c`. This file will include the transports based on the configuration flags provided by the `configure` script. Below is an example `xfstrans.c` for the font server.

    #include "config.h"

    #define FONT_t 1
    #define TRANS_REOPEN 1
    #define TRANS_SERVER 1

    #include <X11/Xtrans/transport.c>

The source files for this interface are listed below.

`Xtrans.h` | Function prototypes and defines for the Transport Independent API.
`Xtransint.h` | Used by the interface implementation only. Contains the internal data structures.
`Xtranssock.c` | Socket implementation of the Transport Dependent API.
`Xtranstli.c` | TLI implementation of the Transport Dependent API.
`Xtransdnet.c` | DECnet implementation of the Transport Dependent API.
`Xtranslocal.c` | Implementation of the Transport Dependent API for SYSV Local connections.
`Xtrans.c` | Exposed Transport Independent API Functions.
`Xtransutil.c` | Collection of Utility functions that use the X Transport Interface.

The file `Xtransint.h` contains much of the transport related code that was previously in `Xlibint.h` and `Xlibnet.h`. This will make the definitions available for all transport users. This should also obsolete the equivalent code in other libraries.