---
stage: Enablement
group: Geo
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
---

# Geo (development) **(PREMIUM SELF)**

Geo connects GitLab instances together. One GitLab instance is
designated as a **primary** site and can be run with multiple
**secondary** sites. Geo orchestrates quite a few components that can be seen on
the diagram below and are described in more detail within this document.

![Geo Architecture Diagram](../administration/geo/replication/img/geo_architecture.png)

## Replication layer

Geo handles replication for different components:

- [Database](#database-replication): includes the entire application, except cache and jobs.
- [Git repositories](#repository-replication): includes both projects and wikis.
- [Uploaded blobs](#uploads-replication): includes anything from images attached on issues
  to raw logs and assets from CI.

With the exception of the Database replication, on a *secondary* site, everything is coordinated
by the [Geo Log Cursor](#geo-log-cursor).

### Geo Log Cursor daemon

The [Geo Log Cursor daemon](#geo-log-cursor-daemon) is a separate process running on
each **secondary** site. It monitors the [Geo Event Log](#geo-event-log)
for new events and creates background jobs for each specific event type.

For example when a repository is updated, the Geo **primary** site creates
a Geo event with an associated repository updated event. The Geo Log Cursor daemon
picks the event up and schedules a `Geo::ProjectSyncWorker` job which will
use the `Geo::RepositorySyncService` and `Geo::WikiSyncService` classes
to update the repository and the wiki respectively.

The Geo Log Cursor daemon can operate in High Availability mode automatically.
The daemon will try to acquire a lock from time to time and once acquired, it
will behave as the *active* daemon.

Any additional running daemons on the same site, will be in standby
mode, ready to resume work if the *active* daemon releases its lock.

We use the [`ExclusiveLease`](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/gitlabhq/gitlabhq/Gitlab/ExclusiveLease) lock type with a small TTL, that is renewed at every
pooling cycle. That allows us to implement this global lock with a timeout.

At the end of the pooling cycle, if the daemon can't renew and/or reacquire
the lock, it switches to standby mode.

### Database replication

Geo uses [streaming replication](#streaming-replication) to replicate
the database from the **primary** to the **secondary** sites. This
replication gives the **secondary** sites access to all the data saved
in the database. So users can log in on the **secondary** and read all
the issues, merge requests, and so on, on the **secondary** site.

### Repository replication

Geo also replicates repositories. Each **secondary** site keeps track of
the state of every repository in the [tracking database](#tracking-database).

There are a few ways a repository gets replicated by the:

- [Repository Sync worker](#repository-sync-worker).
- [Geo Log Cursor](#geo-log-cursor).

#### Project Registry

The `Geo::ProjectRegistry` class defines the model used to track the
state of repository replication. For each project in the main
database, one record in the tracking database is kept.

It records the following about repositories:

- The last time they were synced.
- The last time they were successfully synced.
- If they need to be resynced.
- When a retry should be attempted.
- The number of retries.
- If and when they were verified.

It also stores these attributes for project wikis in dedicated columns.

#### Repository Sync worker

The `Geo::RepositorySyncWorker` class runs periodically in the
background and it searches the `Geo::ProjectRegistry` model for
projects that need updating. Those projects can be:

- Unsynced: Projects that have never been synced on the **secondary**
  site and so do not exist yet.
- Updated recently: Projects that have a `last_repository_updated_at`
  timestamp that is more recent than the `last_repository_successful_sync_at`
  timestamp in the `Geo::ProjectRegistry` model.
- Manual: The administrator can manually flag a repository to resync in the
  [Geo admin panel](../user/admin_area/geo_nodes.md).

When we fail to fetch a repository on the secondary `RETRIES_BEFORE_REDOWNLOAD`
times, Geo does a so-called _re-download_. It will do a clean clone
into the `@geo-temporary` directory in the root of the storage. When
it's successful, we replace the main repository with the newly cloned one.

### Uploads replication

File uploads are also being replicated to the **secondary** site. To
track the state of syncing, the `Geo::UploadRegistry` model is used.

#### Upload Registry

Similar to the [Project Registry](#project-registry), there is a
`Geo::UploadRegistry` model that tracks the synced uploads.

CI Job Artifacts and LFS objects are synced in a similar way as uploads,
but they are tracked by `Geo::JobArtifactRegistry`, and `Geo::LfsObjectRegistry`
models respectively.

#### File Download Dispatch worker

Also similar to the [Repository Sync worker](#repository-sync-worker),
there is a `Geo::FileDownloadDispatchWorker` class that is run
periodically to sync all uploads that aren't synced to the Geo
**secondary** site yet.

Files are copied via HTTP(s) and initiated via the
`/api/v4/geo/transfers/:type/:id` endpoint,
for example, `/api/v4/geo/transfers/lfs/123`.

## Authentication

To authenticate file transfers, each `GeoNode` record has two fields:

- A public access key (`access_key` field).
- A secret access key (`secret_access_key` field).

The **secondary** site authenticates itself via a [JWT request](https://jwt.io/).
When the **secondary** site wishes to download a file, it sends an
HTTP request with the `Authorization` header:

```plaintext
Authorization: GL-Geo <access_key>:<JWT payload>
```

The **primary** site uses the `access_key` field to look up the
corresponding **secondary** site and decrypts the JWT payload,
which contains additional information to identify the file
request. This ensures that the **secondary** site downloads the right
file for the right database ID. For example, for an LFS object, the
request must also include the SHA256 sum of the file. An example JWT
payload looks like:

```yaml
{"data": {sha256: "31806bb23580caab78040f8c45d329f5016b0115"}, iat: "1234567890"}
```

If the requested file matches the requested SHA256 sum, then the Geo
**primary** site sends data via the [X-Sendfile](https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/examples/xsendfile/)
feature, which allows NGINX to handle the file transfer without tying
up Rails or Workhorse.

NOTE:
JWT requires synchronized clocks between the machines
involved, otherwise it may fail with an encryption error.

## Git Push to Geo secondary

The Git Push Proxy exists as a functionality built inside the `gitlab-shell` component.
It is active on a **secondary** site only. It allows the user that has cloned a repository
from the secondary site to push to the same URL.

Git `push` requests directed to a **secondary** site will be sent over to the **primary** site,
while `pull` requests will continue to be served by the **secondary** site for maximum efficiency.

HTTPS and SSH requests are handled differently:

- With HTTPS, we will give the user a `HTTP 302 Redirect` pointing to the project on the **primary** site.
  The Git client is wise enough to understand that status code and process the redirection.
- With SSH, because there is no equivalent way to perform a redirect, we have to proxy the request.
  This is done inside [`gitlab-shell`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-shell), by first translating the request
  to the HTTP protocol, and then proxying it to the **primary** site.

The [`gitlab-shell`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-shell) daemon knows when to proxy based on the response
from `/api/v4/allowed`. A special `HTTP 300` status code is returned and we execute a "custom action",
specified in the response body. The response contains additional data that allows the proxied `push` operation
to happen on the **primary** site.

## Using the Tracking Database

Along with the main database that is replicated, a Geo **secondary**
site has its own separate [Tracking database](#tracking-database).

The tracking database contains the state of the **secondary** site.

Any database migration that needs to be run as part of an upgrade
needs to be applied to the tracking database on each **secondary** site.

### Configuration

The database configuration is set in [`config/database_geo.yml`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/config/database_geo.yml.postgresql).
The directory [`ee/db/geo`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/tree/master/ee/db/geo)
contains the schema and migrations for this database.

To write a migration for the database, use the `GeoMigrationGenerator`:

```shell
rails g geo_migration [args] [options]
```

To migrate the tracking database, run:

```shell
bundle exec rake geo:db:migrate
```

## Finders

Geo uses [Finders](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/tree/master/app/finders),
which are classes take care of the heavy lifting of looking up
projects/attachments/ and so on, in the tracking database and main database.

## Redis

Redis on the **secondary** site works the same as on the **primary**
site. It is used for caching, storing sessions, and other persistent
data.

Redis data replication between **primary** and **secondary** site is
not used, so sessions and so on, aren't shared between sites.

## Object Storage

GitLab can optionally use Object Storage to store data it would
otherwise store on disk. These things can be:

- LFS Objects
- CI Job Artifacts
- Uploads

Objects that are stored in object storage, are not handled by Geo. Geo
ignores items in object storage. Either:

- The object storage layer should take care of its own geographical
  replication.
- All secondary sites should use the same storage site.

## Verification

### Repository verification

Repositories are verified with a checksum.

The **primary** site calculates a checksum on the repository. It
basically hashes all Git refs together and stores that hash in the
`project_repository_states` table of the database.

The **secondary** site does the same to calculate the hash of its
clone, and compares the hash with the value the **primary** site
calculated. If there is a mismatch, Geo will mark this as a mismatch
and the administrator can see this in the [Geo admin panel](../user/admin_area/geo_nodes.md).

## Glossary

### Primary site

A **primary** site is the single site in a Geo setup that read-write
capabilities. It's the single source of truth and the Geo
**secondary** sites replicate their data from there.

In a Geo setup, there can only be one **primary** site. All
**secondary** sites connect to that **primary**.

### Secondary site

A **secondary** site is a read-only replica of the **primary** site
running in a different geographical location.

### Streaming replication

Geo depends on the streaming replication feature of PostgreSQL. It
completely replicates the database data and the database schema. The
database replica is a read-only copy.

Streaming replication depends on the Write Ahead Logs, or WAL. Those
logs are copied over to the replica and replayed there.

Since streaming replication also replicates the schema, the database
migration do not need to run on the secondary sites.

### Tracking database

A database on each Geo **secondary** site that keeps state for the site
on which it resides. Read more in [Using the Tracking database](#using-the-tracking-database).

## Geo Event Log

The Geo **primary** stores events in the `geo_event_log` table. Each
entry in the log contains a specific type of event. These type of
events include:

- Repository Deleted event
- Repository Renamed event
- Repositories Changed event
- Repository Created event
- Hashed Storage Migrated event
- LFS Object Deleted event
- Hashed Storage Attachments event
- Job Artifact Deleted event
- Upload Deleted event

### Geo Log Cursor

The process running on the **secondary** site that looks for new
`Geo::EventLog` rows.

## Code features

### `Gitlab::Geo` utilities

Small utility methods related to Geo go into the
[`ee/lib/gitlab/geo.rb`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/ee/lib/gitlab/geo.rb)
file.

Many of these methods are cached using the `RequestStore` class, to
reduce the performance impact of using the methods throughout the
codebase.

#### Current site

The class method `.current_node` returns the `GeoNode` record for the
current site.

We use the `host`, `port`, and `relative_url_root` values from
`gitlab.yml` and search in the database to identify which site we are
in (see `GeoNode.current_node`).

#### Primary or secondary

To determine whether the current site is a **primary** site or a
**secondary** site use the `.primary?` and `.secondary?` class
methods.

It is possible for these methods to both return `false` on a site when
the site is not enabled. See [Enablement](#enablement).

#### Geo Database configured?

There is also an additional gotcha when dealing with things that
happen during initialization time. In a few places, we use the
`Gitlab::Geo.geo_database_configured?` method to check if the site has
the tracking database, which only exists on the **secondary**
site. This overcomes race conditions that could happen during
bootstrapping of a new site.

#### Enablement

We consider Geo feature enabled when the user has a valid license with the
feature included, and they have at least one site defined at the Geo Nodes
screen.

See `Gitlab::Geo.enabled?` and `Gitlab::Geo.license_allows?` methods.

#### Read-only

All Geo **secondary** sites are read-only.

The general principle of a [read-only database](verifying_database_capabilities.md#read-only-database)
applies to all Geo **secondary** sites. So the
`Gitlab::Database.read_only?` method will always return `true` on a
**secondary** site.

When some write actions are not allowed because the site is a
**secondary**, consider adding the `Gitlab::Database.read_only?` or
`Gitlab::Database.read_write?` guard, instead of `Gitlab::Geo.secondary?`.

The database itself will already be read-only in a replicated setup,
so we don't need to take any extra step for that.

## Steps needed to replicate a new data type

As GitLab evolves, we constantly need to add new resources to the Geo replication system.
The implementation depends on resource specifics, but there are several things
that need to be taken care of:

- Event generation on the primary site. Whenever a new resource is changed/updated, we need to
  create a task for the Log Cursor.
- Event handling. The Log Cursor needs to have a handler for every event type generated by the primary site.
- Dispatch worker (cron job). Make sure the backfill condition works well.
- Sync worker.
- Registry with all possible states.
- Verification.
- Cleaner. When sync settings are changed for the secondary site, some resources need to be cleaned up.
- Geo Node Status. We need to provide API endpoints as well as some presentation in the GitLab Admin Area.
- Health Check. If we can perform some pre-cheсks and make site unhealthy if something is wrong, we should do that.
  The `rake gitlab:geo:check` command has to be updated too.

## History of communication channel

The communication channel has changed since first iteration, you can
check here historic decisions and why we moved to new implementations.

### Custom code (GitLab 8.6 and earlier)

In GitLab versions before 8.6, custom code is used to handle
notification from **primary** site to **secondary** sites by HTTP
requests.

### System hooks (GitLab 8.7 to 9.5)

Later, it was decided to move away from custom code and begin using
system hooks. More people were using them, so
many would benefit from improvements made to this communication layer.

There is a specific **internal** endpoint in our API code (Grape),
that receives all requests from this System Hooks:
`/api/v4/geo/receive_events`.

We switch and filter from each event by the `event_name` field.

### Geo Log Cursor (GitLab 10.0 and up)

In GitLab 10.0 and later, [System Webhooks](#system-hooks-gitlab-87-to-95) are no longer
used and Geo Log Cursor is used instead. The Log Cursor traverses the
`Geo::EventLog` rows to see if there are changes since the last time
the log was checked and will handle repository updates, deletes,
changes, and renames.

The table is within the replicated database. This has two advantages over the
old method:

- Replication is synchronous and we preserve the order of events.
- Replication of the events happen at the same time as the changes in the
  database.

## Self-service framework

If you want to add easy Geo replication of a resource you're working
on, check out our [self-service framework](geo/framework.md).

## Geo development workflow

### GET:Geo pipeline

As part of the [package-and-qa](testing_guide/end_to_end/index.md#using-the-package-and-qa-job) pipeline, there is an option to manually trigger a job named `GET:Geo`. This
pipeline uses [GET](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-environment-toolkit) to spin up a
[1k](../administration/reference_architectures/1k_users.md) Geo installation,
and run the [`gitlab-qa`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-qa) Geo scenario against the instance.
When working on Geo features, it is a good idea to ensure the `qa-geo` job passes in a triggered `GET:Geo pipeline`.

The pipelines that control the provisioning and teardown of the instance are included in The GitLab Environment Toolkit Configs
[Geo subproject](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/gitlab-environment-toolkit-configs/Geo).

When adding new functionality, consider adding new tests to verify the behavior. For steps,
see the [QA documentation](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/tree/master/qa#writing-tests).

#### Architecture

The pipeline involves the interaction of multiple different projects:

- [GitLab](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab) - The [package-and-qa job](testing_guide/end_to_end/index.md#using-the-package-and-qa-job) is launched from merge requests in this project.
- [`omnibus-gitlab`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/omnibus-gitlab) - Builds relevant artifacts containing the changes from the triggering merge request pipeline.
- [GET-Configs/Geo](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/gitlab-environment-toolkit-configs/Geo) - Coordinates the lifecycle of a short-lived Geo installation that can be evaluated.
- [GET](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-environment-toolkit) - Contains the necessary logic for creating and destroying Geo installations. Used by `GET-Configs/Geo`.
- [`gitlab-qa`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-qa) - Tool for running automated tests against a GitLab instance.

```mermaid
flowchart TD;
  GET:Geo-->getcg
  Provision-->Terraform
  Configure-->Ansible
  Geo-->Ansible
  QA-->gagq

  subgraph "omnibus-gitlab-mirror"
    GET:Geo
  end

  subgraph getcg [GitLab-environment-toolkit-configs/Geo]
    direction LR
    Generate-terraform-config-->Provision
    Provision-->Generate-ansible-config
    Generate-ansible-config-->Configure
    Configure-->Geo
    Geo-->QA
    QA-->Destroy-geo
  end

  subgraph get [GitLab Environment Toolkit]
    Terraform
    Ansible
  end

  subgraph GitLab QA
     gagq[GitLab QA Geo Scenario]
  end
```
