/*
  insert.c:

  Copyright (C) 1991, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005
  Barry Vercoe, Istvan Varga, John ffitch,
  Gabriel Maldonado, matt ingalls

  This file is part of Csound.

  The Csound Library is free software; you can redistribute it
  and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

  Csound is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
  License along with Csound; if not, write to the Free Software
  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
  02110-1301 USA
*/

#include "csoundCore.h" /*  INSERT.C */
#include "oload.h"
#include "insert.h"     /* for goto's */
#include "aops.h"       /* for cond's */
#include "midiops.h"
#include "namedins.h"   /* IV - Oct 31 2002 */
#include "pstream.h"
#include "interlocks.h"
#include "csound_type_system.h"
#include "csound_standard_types.h"
#include <inttypes.h>

static  void    showallocs(CSOUND *);
static  void    deact(CSOUND *, INSDS *);
static  void    schedofftim(CSOUND *, INSDS *);
void    beatexpire(CSOUND *, double);
void    timexpire(CSOUND *, double);
static  void    instance(CSOUND *, int);
extern int argsRequired(char* argString);
static int insert_midi(CSOUND *csound, int insno, MCHNBLK *chn,
                       MEVENT *mep);
static int insert_event(CSOUND *csound, int insno, EVTBLK *newevtp);

static void print_messages(CSOUND *csound, int attr, const char *str){
#if defined(WIN32)
    switch (attr & CSOUNDMSG_TYPE_MASK) {
    case CSOUNDMSG_ERROR:
    case CSOUNDMSG_WARNING:
    case CSOUNDMSG_REALTIME:
      fprintf(stderr, str);
      break;
    default:
      fprintf(stdout, str);
    }
#else
    FILE *fp = stderr;
    if ((attr & CSOUNDMSG_TYPE_MASK) == CSOUNDMSG_STDOUT)
      fp = stdout;
    if (!attr || !csound->enableMsgAttr) {
      fprintf(fp, "%s", str);
      return;
    }
    if ((attr & CSOUNDMSG_TYPE_MASK) == CSOUNDMSG_ORCH)
      if (attr & CSOUNDMSG_BG_COLOR_MASK)
        fprintf(fp, "\033[4%cm", ((attr & 0x70) >> 4) + '0');
    if (attr & CSOUNDMSG_FG_ATTR_MASK) {
      if (attr & CSOUNDMSG_FG_BOLD)
        fprintf(fp, "\033[1m");
      if (attr & CSOUNDMSG_FG_UNDERLINE)
        fprintf(fp, "\033[4m");
    }
    if (attr & CSOUNDMSG_FG_COLOR_MASK)
      fprintf(fp, "\033[3%cm", (attr & 7) + '0');
    fprintf(fp, "%s", str);
    fprintf(fp, "\033[m");
#endif
}

#define QUEUESIZ 64

static void message_string_enqueue(CSOUND *csound, int attr,
    const char *str) {
    unsigned long wp = csound->message_string_queue_wp;
    csound->message_string_queue[wp].attr = attr;
    strNcpy(csound->message_string_queue[wp].str, str, MAX_MESSAGE_STR);
    //csound->message_string_queue[wp].str[MAX_MESSAGE_STR-1] = '\0';
    csound->message_string_queue_wp = wp + 1 < QUEUESIZ ? wp + 1 : 0;
    ATOMIC_INCR(csound->message_string_queue_items);
}

static void no_op(CSOUND *csound, int attr,
                  const char *format, va_list args) {
  IGN(csound);
  IGN(attr);
  IGN(format);
  IGN(args);
};


 /* do init pass for this instr */
static int init_pass(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip) {
  int error = 0;
  if(csound->oparms->realtime)
    csoundLockMutex(csound->init_pass_threadlock);
  csound->curip = ip;
  csound->ids = (OPDS *)ip;
  csound->mode = 1;
  while (error == 0 && (csound->ids = csound->ids->nxti) != NULL) {
    csound->op = csound->ids->optext->t.oentry->opname;
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound, "init %s:\n", csound->op);
    error = (*csound->ids->iopadr)(csound, csound->ids);
  }
  csound->mode = 0;
  if(csound->oparms->realtime)
    csoundUnlockMutex(csound->init_pass_threadlock);
  return error;
}

int rireturn(CSOUND *csound, void *p);
/* do reinit pass */
static int reinit_pass(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip, OPDS *ids) {
  int error = 0;
  if(csound->oparms->realtime) {
    csoundLockMutex(csound->init_pass_threadlock);
  }
  csound->curip = ip;
  csound->ids = ids;
  csound->mode = 1;
  while (error == 0 && (csound->ids = csound->ids->nxti) != NULL &&
         (csound->ids->iopadr != (SUBR) rireturn)){
    csound->op = csound->ids->optext->t.oentry->opname;
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound, "reinit %s:\n", csound->op);
    error = (*csound->ids->iopadr)(csound, csound->ids);
  }
  csound->mode = 0;

  ATOMIC_SET8(ip->actflg, 1);
  csound->reinitflag = ip->reinitflag = 0;
  if(csound->oparms->realtime)
    csoundUnlockMutex(csound->init_pass_threadlock);
  return error;
}


/*
 * creates a thread to process instance allocations
 */
uintptr_t event_insert_thread(void *p) {
  CSOUND *csound = (CSOUND *) p;
  ALLOC_DATA *inst = csound->alloc_queue;
  float wakeup = (1000*csound->ksmps/csound->esr);
  unsigned long rp = 0, items, rpm = 0;
  message_string_queue_t *mess = NULL;
  void (*csoundMessageStringCallback)(CSOUND *csound,
                                      int attr,
                                      const char *str) = NULL;
  void (*csoundMessageCallback)(CSOUND *csound,
                                int attr,
                                const char *format,
                                va_list args)
                       = csound->csoundMessageCallback_;
 if(csound->oparms_.msglevel){
  if(csound->message_string_queue == NULL)
    csound->message_string_queue = (message_string_queue_t *)
      csound->Calloc(csound, QUEUESIZ*sizeof(message_string_queue_t));
  mess = csound->message_string_queue;
  if(csound->csoundMessageStringCallback)
    csoundMessageStringCallback = csound->csoundMessageStringCallback;
  else csoundMessageStringCallback = print_messages;
  csoundSetMessageStringCallback(csound, message_string_enqueue);
 } else {
  csoundSetMessageCallback(csound, no_op);
 }

  while(csound->event_insert_loop) {
    // get the value of items_to_alloc
    items = ATOMIC_GET(csound->alloc_queue_items);
    if(items == 0)
       csoundSleep((int) ((int) wakeup > 0 ? wakeup : 1));
    else while(items) {
        if (inst[rp].type == 3)  {
          INSDS *ip = inst[rp].ip;
          OPDS *ids = inst[rp].ids;
          csoundSpinLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
          reinit_pass(csound, ip, ids);
          csoundSpinUnLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
          ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 1);
        }
        if (inst[rp].type == 2)  {
          INSDS *ip = inst[rp].ip;
          ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 0);
          csoundSpinLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
          init_pass(csound, ip);
          csoundSpinUnLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
          ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 1);
        }
        if(inst[rp].type == 1) {
          csoundSpinLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
          insert_midi(csound, inst[rp].insno, inst[rp].chn, &inst[rp].mep);
          csoundSpinUnLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
        }
       if(inst[rp].type == 0)  {
          csoundSpinLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
          insert_event(csound, inst[rp].insno, &inst[rp].blk);
          csoundSpinUnLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
        }
        // decrement the value of items_to_alloc
        ATOMIC_DECR(csound->alloc_queue_items);
        items--;
        rp = rp + 1 < MAX_ALLOC_QUEUE ? rp + 1 : 0;
      }
     items = ATOMIC_GET(csound->message_string_queue_items);
     while(items) {
       if(mess != NULL)
         csoundMessageStringCallback(csound, mess[rpm].attr,  mess[rpm].str);
       ATOMIC_DECR(csound->message_string_queue_items);
       items--;
       rpm = rpm + 1 < QUEUESIZ ? rpm + 1 : 0;
     }

  }

  csoundSetMessageCallback(csound, csoundMessageCallback);
  return (uintptr_t) NULL;
}

int init0(CSOUND *csound)
{
  INSTRTXT  *tp = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[0];
  INSDS     *ip;

  instance(csound, 0);                            /* allocate instr 0     */
  csound->curip = ip = tp->act_instance;
  tp->act_instance = ip->nxtact;
  csound->ids = (OPDS*) ip;
  tp->active++;
  ip->actflg++;
  ip->ksmps = csound->ksmps;
  ip->ekr = csound->ekr;
  ip->kcounter = csound->kcounter;
  ip->onedksmps = csound->onedksmps;
  ip->onedkr = csound->onedkr;
  ip->kicvt = csound->kicvt;
  csound->inerrcnt = 0;
  csound->mode = 1;
  while ((csound->ids = csound->ids->nxti) != NULL) {
    csound->op = csound->ids->optext->t.oentry->opname;
    (*csound->ids->iopadr)(csound, csound->ids);  /*   run all i-code     */
  }
  csound->mode = 0;
  return csound->inerrcnt;                        /*   return errcnt      */
}

static void putop(CSOUND *csound, TEXT *tp)
{
  int n, nn;

  if ((n = tp->outlist->count) != 0) {
    nn = 0;
    while (n--)
      csound->Message(csound, "%s\t", tp->outlist->arg[nn++]);
  }
  else
    csound->Message(csound, "\t");
  csound->Message(csound, "%s\t", tp->opcod);
  if ((n = tp->inlist->count) != 0) {
    nn = 0;
    while (n--)
      csound->Message(csound, "%s\t", tp->inlist->arg[nn++]);
  }
  csound->Message(csound, "\n");
}

static void set_xtratim(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip)
{
  if (UNLIKELY(ip->relesing))
    return;
  ip->offtim = (csound->icurTime +
                ip->ksmps * (double) ip->xtratim)/csound->esr;
  ip->offbet = csound->curBeat + (csound->curBeat_inc * (double) ip->xtratim);
  ip->relesing = 1;
  csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->pending_release++;
}

/* insert an instr copy into active list */
/*      then run an init pass            */
int insert(CSOUND *csound, int insno, EVTBLK *newevtp) {

  if(csound->oparms->realtime) {
    unsigned long wp = csound->alloc_queue_wp;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].insno = insno;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].blk =  *newevtp;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].type = 0;
    csound->alloc_queue_wp = wp + 1 < MAX_ALLOC_QUEUE ? wp + 1 : 0;
    ATOMIC_INCR(csound->alloc_queue_items);
    return 0;
  }
  else return insert_event(csound, insno, newevtp);
}

int insert_event(CSOUND *csound, int insno, EVTBLK *newevtp)
{
  INSTRTXT  *tp;
  INSDS     *ip, *prvp, *nxtp;
  OPARMS    *O = csound->oparms;
  CS_VAR_MEM *pfields = NULL;        /* *** was uninitialised *** */
  int tie=0, i;
  int  n, error = 0;
  MYFLT  *flp, *fep;

  if (UNLIKELY(csound->advanceCnt))
    return 0;
  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
        csound->Message(csound, Str("activating instr %s at %"PRIi64"\n"),
                      name, csound->icurTime);
    else
        csound->Message(csound, Str("activating instr %d at %"PRIi64"\n"),
                      insno, csound->icurTime);
  }
  csound->inerrcnt = 0;


  tp = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno];
  if (UNLIKELY(tp->muted == 0)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
      csound->Warning(csound, Str("Instrument %s muted\n"), name);
    else
      csound->Warning(csound, Str("Instrument %d muted\n"), insno);
    return 0;
  }
  if (tp->cpuload > FL(0.0)) {
    csound->cpu_power_busy += tp->cpuload;
    /* if there is no more cpu processing time*/
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->cpu_power_busy > FL(100.0))) {
      csound->cpu_power_busy -= tp->cpuload;
      csoundWarning(csound, Str("cannot allocate last note because "
                                "it exceeds 100%% of cpu time"));
      return(0);
    }
  }
  if (UNLIKELY(tp->maxalloc > 0 && tp->active >= tp->maxalloc)) {
    csoundWarning(csound, Str("cannot allocate last note because it exceeds "
                              "instr maxalloc"));
    return(0);
  }
  /* if find this insno, active, with indef (tie) & matching p1 */
  for (ip = tp->instance; ip != NULL; ip = ip->nxtinstance) {
    if (ip->actflg && ip->offtim < 0.0 && ip->p1.value == newevtp->p[1]) {
      csound->tieflag++;
      ip->tieflag = 1;
      tie = 1;
      /* goto init; */ /*     continue that event */
      break;
    }
  }

  if(!tie) {
    /* alloc new dspace if needed */
    if (tp->act_instance == NULL || tp->isNew) {
      if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & RNGEMSG)) {
        char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
        if (UNLIKELY(name))
          csound->Message(csound, Str("new alloc for instr %s:\n"), name);
        else
          csound->Message(csound, Str("new alloc for instr %d:\n"), insno);
      }
      instance(csound, insno);
      tp->isNew=0;
    }

    /* pop from free instance chain */
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csoundMessage(csound, "insert(): tp->act_instance = %p\n", tp->act_instance);
    ip = tp->act_instance;
    ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 0);
    tp->act_instance = ip->nxtact;
    ip->insno = (int16) insno;
    ip->ksmps = csound->ksmps;
    ip->ekr = csound->ekr;
    ip->kcounter = csound->kcounter;
    ip->onedksmps = csound->onedksmps;
    ip->onedkr = csound->onedkr;
    ip->kicvt = csound->kicvt;
    ip->pds = NULL;
    /* Add an active instrument */
    tp->active++;
    tp->instcnt++;
    csound->dag_changed++;      /* Need to remake DAG */
    nxtp = &(csound->actanchor);    /* now splice into activ lst */
    while ((prvp = nxtp) && (nxtp = prvp->nxtact) != NULL) {
      if (nxtp->insno > insno ||
          (nxtp->insno == insno && nxtp->p1.value > newevtp->p[1])) {
        nxtp->prvact = ip;
        break;
      }
    }
    ip->nxtact = nxtp;
    ip->prvact = prvp;
    prvp->nxtact = ip;
    ip->tieflag = 0;
    ip->actflg++;                   /*    and mark the instr active */
  }


  /* init: */
  pfields = (CS_VAR_MEM*)&ip->p0;
  if (tp->psetdata) {
    int i;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfields = (CS_VAR_MEM*) &ip->p0;
    MYFLT *pdat = tp->psetdata + 2;
    int32 nn = tp->pmax - 2;             /*   put cur vals in pflds */

    for (i = 0; i < nn; i++) {
      CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + i + 3);
      pfield->value = *(pdat + i);
    }
  }
  n = tp->pmax;
  if (UNLIKELY((tp->nocheckpcnt == 0) &&
               n != newevtp->pcnt &&
               !tp->psetdata)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
      csoundWarning(csound, Str("instr %s uses %d p-fields but is given %d"),
                    name, n, newevtp->pcnt);
    else
      csoundWarning(csound, Str("instr %d uses %d p-fields but is given %d"),
                    insno, n, newevtp->pcnt);
  }
  if (newevtp->p3orig >= FL(0.0))
    ip->offbet = csound->beatOffs
      + (double) newevtp->p2orig + (double) newevtp->p3orig;
  else
    ip->offbet = -1.0;
  flp = &ip->p1.value;
  fep = &newevtp->p[0];

  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug))
    csound->Message(csound, "psave beg at %p\n", (void*) flp);
  if (n > newevtp->pcnt) n = newevtp->pcnt; /* IV - Oct 20 2002 */
  for (i = 1; i < n + 1; i++) {
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = pfields + i;
    pfield->varType = (CS_TYPE*)&CS_VAR_TYPE_P;
    pfield->value = fep[i];
  }
  if (n < tp->pmax && tp->psetdata==NULL) {
    for (i = 0; i < tp->pmax - n; i++) {
      CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = pfields + i + n + 1;
      pfield->varType = (CS_TYPE*)&CS_VAR_TYPE_P;
      pfield->value = 0;
    }
  }
  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug))
    csound->Message(csound, "   ending at %p\n", (void*) flp);

  if (O->Beatmode)
    ip->p2.value     = (MYFLT) (csound->icurTime/csound->esr - csound->timeOffs);
  ip->offtim       = (double) ip->p3.value;         /* & duplicate p3 for now */
  ip->m_chnbp      = (MCHNBLK*) NULL;
  ip->xtratim      = 0;
  ip->relesing     = 0;
  ip->m_sust       = 0;
  ip->nxtolap      = NULL;
  ip->opcod_iobufs = NULL;
  ip->strarg       = newevtp->strarg;  /* copy strarg so it does not get lost */

  // current event needs to be reset here
  csound->init_event = newevtp;
  error = init_pass(csound, ip);
  if(error == 0)
    ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 1);
  if (UNLIKELY(csound->inerrcnt || ip->p3.value == FL(0.0))) {
    xturnoff_now(csound, ip);
    return csound->inerrcnt;
  }

  /* new code for sample-accurate timing, not for tied notes */
  if (O->sampleAccurate && !tie) {
    int64_t start_time_samps, start_time_kcycles;
    double duration_samps;
    start_time_samps = (int64_t) (ip->p2.value * csound->esr);
    duration_samps =  ip->p3.value * csound->esr;
    start_time_kcycles = start_time_samps/csound->ksmps;
    ip->ksmps_offset = start_time_samps - start_time_kcycles*csound->ksmps;
    /* with no p3 or xtratim values, can't set the sample accur duration */
    if (ip->p3.value > 0 && ip->xtratim == 0 ){
      int tmp = ((int)duration_samps+ip->ksmps_offset)%csound->ksmps;
      if (tmp != 0)ip->no_end = csound->ksmps - tmp; else ip->no_end = 0;
      //ip->no_end = (csound->ksmps -
      //              ((int)duration_samps+ip->ksmps_offset)%csound->ksmps)%csound->ksmps;
    /* the ksmps_no_end field is initially 0, set to no_end in the last
       perf cycle */
    //  printf("*** duration_samps %d ip->ksmps_offset %d csound->ksmps %d ==> %d\n",
    //         (int)duration_samps, ip->ksmps_offset, csound->ksmps, ip->no_end);
    }
    else ip->no_end = 0;
    ip->ksmps_no_end = 0;
  }
  else {
    /* ksmps_offset = */
    ip->ksmps_offset = 0;
    ip->ksmps_no_end = 0;
    ip->no_end = 0;
  }

#ifdef BETA
  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug))
    csound->Message(csound, "In insert:  %d %lf %lf\n",
                    __LINE__, ip->p3.value, ip->offtim); /* *********** */
#endif
  if (ip->p3.value > FL(0.0) && ip->offtim > 0.0) { /* if still finite time, */
    double p2 = (double) ip->p2.value + csound->timeOffs;
    ip->offtim = p2 + (double) ip->p3.value;
    if (O->sampleAccurate && !tie  &&
        ip->p3.value > 0 &&
        ip->xtratim == 0) /* ceil for sample-accurate ending */
      ip->offtim = CEIL(ip->offtim*csound->ekr) / csound->ekr;
    else /* normal : round */
      ip->offtim = FLOOR(ip->offtim * csound->ekr +0.5)/csound->ekr;
    if (O->Beatmode) {
      p2 = ((p2*csound->esr - csound->icurTime) / csound->ibeatTime)
        + csound->curBeat;
      ip->offbet = p2 + ((double) ip->p3.value*csound->esr / csound->ibeatTime);
    }
#ifdef BETA
    if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound,
                      "Calling schedofftim line %d; offtime= %lf (%lf)\n",
                      __LINE__, ip->offtim, ip->offtim*csound->ekr);
#endif
    if(csound->oparms->realtime) // compensate for possible late starts
      {
        double p2 = (double) ip->p2.value + csound->timeOffs;
        ip->offtim += (csound->icurTime/csound->esr - p2);
      }
    //printf("%lf\n",   );
    schedofftim(csound, ip);                  /*   put in turnoff list */
  }
  else {
    ip->offbet = -1.0;
    ip->offtim = -1.0;                        /*   else mark indef     */
  }
  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
      csound->Message(csound, Str("instr %s now active:\n"), name);
    else
      csound->Message(csound, Str("instr %d now active:\n"), insno);
    showallocs(csound);
  }
  if (newevtp->pinstance != NULL) {
    *((MYFLT *)newevtp->pinstance) = (MYFLT) ((uintptr_t) ip);
  }
  return 0;
}


/* insert a MIDI instr copy into active list */
/*  then run an init pass                    */
int MIDIinsert(CSOUND *csound, int insno, MCHNBLK *chn, MEVENT *mep) {

  if(csound->oparms->realtime) {
    unsigned long wp = csound->alloc_queue_wp;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].insno = insno;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].chn = chn;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].mep = *mep;
    csound->alloc_queue[wp].type = 1;
    csound->alloc_queue_wp = wp + 1 < MAX_ALLOC_QUEUE ? wp + 1 : 0;
    ATOMIC_INCR(csound->alloc_queue_items);
    return 0;
  }
  else return insert_midi(csound, insno, chn, mep);

}

int insert_midi(CSOUND *csound, int insno, MCHNBLK *chn, MEVENT *mep)
{
  INSTRTXT  *tp;
  INSDS     *ip, **ipp, *prvp, *nxtp;
  OPARMS    *O = csound->oparms;
  CS_VAR_MEM *pfields;
  EVTBLK  *evt;
  int pmax = 0, error = 0;

  if (UNLIKELY(csound->advanceCnt))
    return 0;
  if (UNLIKELY(insno <= 0 || csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->muted == 0))
    return 0;     /* muted */

  tp = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno];
  if (tp->cpuload > FL(0.0)) {
    csound->cpu_power_busy += tp->cpuload;
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->cpu_power_busy > FL(100.0))) {
      /* if there is no more cpu time */
      csound->cpu_power_busy -= tp->cpuload;
      csoundWarning(csound, Str("cannot allocate last note because "
                                "it exceeds 100%% of cpu time"));
      return(0);
    }
  }
  if (UNLIKELY(tp->maxalloc > 0 && tp->active >= tp->maxalloc)) {
    csoundWarning(csound, Str("cannot allocate last note because it exceeds "
                              "instr maxalloc"));
    return(0);
  }
  tp->active++;
  tp->instcnt++;
  csound->dag_changed++;      /* Need to remake DAG */
  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
      csound->Message(csound, Str("MIDI activating instr %s\n"), name);
    else
      csound->Message(csound, Str("MIDI activating instr %d\n"), insno);
  }
  csound->inerrcnt = 0;
  ipp = &chn->kinsptr[mep->dat1];       /* key insptr ptr           */
  /* alloc new dspace if needed */
  if (tp->act_instance == NULL || tp->isNew) {
    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & RNGEMSG)) {
      char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
      if (UNLIKELY(name))
        csound->Message(csound, Str("new MIDI alloc for instr %s:\n"), name);
      else
        csound->Message(csound, Str("new MIDI alloc for instr %d:\n"), insno);
    }
    instance(csound, insno);
    tp->isNew = 0;
  }
  /* pop from free instance chain */
  ip = tp->act_instance;
  ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 0);
  tp->act_instance = ip->nxtact;
  ip->insno = (int16) insno;

  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug))
    csound->Message(csound, "Now %d active instr %d\n", tp->active, insno);
  if (UNLIKELY((prvp = *ipp) != NULL)) {          /*   if key currently activ */
    csoundWarning(csound,
                  Str("MIDI note overlaps with key %d on same channel"),
                  (int) mep->dat1);
    while (prvp->nxtolap != NULL)       /*   append to overlap list */
      prvp = prvp->nxtolap;
    prvp->nxtolap = ip;
  }
  else
    *ipp = ip;
  /* of overlapping notes, the one that was turned on first will be */
  /* turned off first as well */
  ip->nxtolap = NULL;

  nxtp = &(csound->actanchor);          /* now splice into activ lst */
  while ((prvp = nxtp) && (nxtp = prvp->nxtact) != NULL) {
    if (nxtp->insno > insno) {
      nxtp->prvact = ip;
      break;
    }
  }
  ip->nxtact       = nxtp;
  ip->prvact       = prvp;
  prvp->nxtact     = ip;
  ip->actflg++;                         /* and mark the instr active */
  ip->m_chnbp      = chn;               /* rec address of chnl ctrl blk */
  ip->m_pitch      = (unsigned char) mep->dat1;    /* rec MIDI data   */
  ip->m_veloc      = (unsigned char) mep->dat2;
  ip->xtratim      = 0;
  ip->m_sust       = 0;
  ip->relesing     = 0;
  ip->offbet       = -1.0;
  ip->offtim       = -1.0;              /* set indef duration */
  ip->opcod_iobufs = NULL;              /* IV - Sep 8 2002:            */
  ip->p1.value     = (MYFLT) insno;     /* set these required p-fields */
  ip->p2.value     = (MYFLT) (csound->icurTime/csound->esr - csound->timeOffs);
  ip->p3.value     = FL(-1.0);
  ip->ksmps        = csound->ksmps;
  ip->ekr          = csound->ekr;
  ip->kcounter     = csound->kcounter;
  ip->onedksmps    = csound->onedksmps;
  ip->onedkr       = csound->onedkr;
  ip->kicvt        = csound->kicvt;
  ip->pds          = NULL;
  pfields          = (CS_VAR_MEM*)&ip->p0;

  if (tp->psetdata != NULL) {
    int i;
    MYFLT *pdat = tp->psetdata + 2;
    int32 nn = tp->pmax - 2;             /*   put cur vals in pflds */

    for (i = 0; i < nn; i++) {
      CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + i + 3);
      pfield->value = *(pdat + i);
    }
    pmax = tp->pmax;
  }


  /* MIDI channel message note on routing overrides pset: */

  if (O->midiKey) {
    int pfield_index = O->midiKey;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + pfield_index);
    MYFLT value = (MYFLT) ip->m_pitch;
    pfield->value = value;

    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & WARNMSG)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "  midiKey:         pfield: %3d  value: %3d\n",
                      pfield_index, (int) pfield->value);
    }
    if (pmax < pfield_index) pmax = pfield_index;
  }
  else if (O->midiKeyCps) {
    int pfield_index = O->midiKeyCps;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + pfield_index);
    MYFLT value = (MYFLT) ip->m_pitch;
    value = value / FL(12.0) + FL(3.0);
    value = value * OCTRES;
    value = (MYFLT) CPSOCTL((int32) value);
    pfield->value = value;

    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & WARNMSG)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "  midiKeyCps:      pfield: %3d  value: %3d\n",
                      pfield_index, (int) pfield->value);
    }
    if (pmax < pfield_index) pmax = pfield_index;
  }
  else if (O->midiKeyOct) {
    int pfield_index = O->midiKeyOct;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + pfield_index);
    MYFLT value = (MYFLT) ip->m_pitch;
    value = value / FL(12.0) + FL(3.0);
    pfield->value = value;
    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & WARNMSG)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "  midiKeyOct:      pfield: %3d  value: %3d\n",
                      pfield_index, (int) pfield->value);
    }
    if (pmax < pfield_index) pmax = pfield_index;
  }
  else if (O->midiKeyPch) {
    int pfield_index = O->midiKeyPch;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + pfield_index);
    MYFLT value = (MYFLT) ip->m_pitch;
    double octave = 0;
    double fraction = 0.0;
    value = value / FL(12.0) + FL(3.0);
    fraction = modf(value, &octave);
    fraction *= 0.12;
    value = octave + fraction;
    pfield->value = value;
    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & WARNMSG)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "  midiKeyPch:      pfield: %3d  value: %3d\n",
                      pfield_index, (int) pfield->value);
    }
    if (pmax < pfield_index) pmax = pfield_index;
  }
  if (O->midiVelocity) {
    int pfield_index = O->midiVelocity;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + pfield_index);
    MYFLT value = (MYFLT) ip->m_veloc;
    pfield->value = value;
    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & WARNMSG)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "  midiVelocity:    pfield: %3d  value: %3d\n",
                      pfield_index, (int) pfield->value);
    }
    if (pmax < pfield_index) pmax = pfield_index;
  }
  else if (O->midiVelocityAmp) {
    int pfield_index = O->midiVelocityAmp;
    CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = (pfields + pfield_index);
    MYFLT value = (MYFLT) ip->m_veloc;
    value = value * value / FL(16239.0);
    value = value * csound->e0dbfs;
    pfield->value = value;
    if (UNLIKELY(O->msglevel & WARNMSG)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "  midiVelocityAmp: pfield: %3d  value: %.3f\n",
                      pfield_index, pfield->value);
    }
    if (pmax < pfield_index) pmax = pfield_index;
  }
  if (pmax > 0) {
    int i;
    if (csound->currevent == NULL) {
      evt = (EVTBLK *) csound->Calloc(csound, sizeof(EVTBLK));
      csound->currevent = evt;
    }
    else evt = csound->currevent;
    evt->pcnt = pmax+1;
    for (i =0; i < evt->pcnt; i++) {
      evt->p[i] = pfields[i].value;
    }
  }

  csound->init_event = csound->currevent;
  error = init_pass(csound, ip);
  if(error == 0)
    ATOMIC_SET(ip->init_done, 1);

  if (UNLIKELY(csound->inerrcnt)) {
    xturnoff_now(csound, ip);
    return csound->inerrcnt;
  }
  ip->tieflag = ip->reinitflag = 0;
  csound->tieflag = csound->reinitflag = 0;

  if (UNLIKELY(O->odebug)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
      csound->Message(csound, Str("instr %s now active:\n"), name);
    else
      csound->Message(csound, Str("instr %d now active:\n"), insno);
    showallocs(csound);
  }
  return 0;
}

static void showallocs(CSOUND *csound)      /* debugging aid */
{
  INSTRTXT *txtp;
  INSDS   *p;

  csound->Message(csound, "insno\tinstanc\tnxtinst\tprvinst\tnxtact\t"
                  "prvact\tnxtoff\tactflg\tofftim\n");
  for (txtp = &(csound->engineState.instxtanchor);
       txtp != NULL;
       txtp = txtp->nxtinstxt)

    if ((p = txtp->instance) != NULL) {
      /*
       * On Alpha, we print pointers as pointers.  heh 981101
       * and now on all platforms (JPff)
       */
      do {
        csound->Message(csound, "%d\t%p\t%p\t%p\t%p\t%p\t%p\t%d\t%3.1f\n",
                        (int) p->insno, (void*) p,
                        (void*) p->nxtinstance, (void*) p->prvinstance,
                        (void*) p->nxtact, (void*) p->prvact,
                        (void*) p->nxtoff, p->actflg, p->offtim);
      } while ((p = p->nxtinstance) != NULL);
    }
}

static void schedofftim(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip)
{                               /* put an active instr into offtime list  */
  INSDS *prvp, *nxtp;         /* called by insert() & midioff + xtratim */

  if ((nxtp = csound->frstoff) == NULL ||
      nxtp->offtim > ip->offtim) {            /*   set into       */
    csound->frstoff = ip;                     /*   firstoff chain */
    ip->nxtoff = nxtp;
    /* IV - Feb 24 2006: check if this note already needs to be turned off */
    /* the following comparisons must match those in sensevents() */
#ifdef BETA
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound,"schedofftim: %lf %lf %f\n",
                      ip->offtim, csound->icurTime/csound->esr,
                      csound->curTime_inc);

#endif
    if (csound->oparms_.Beatmode) {
      double  tval = csound->curBeat + (0.505 * csound->curBeat_inc);
      if (ip->offbet <= tval) beatexpire(csound, tval);
    }
    else {
      double  tval = (csound->icurTime + (0.505 * csound->ksmps))/csound->esr;
      if (ip->offtim <= tval) timexpire(csound, tval);
    }
#ifdef BETA
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound,"schedofftim: %lf %lf %lf\n", ip->offtim,
                      (csound->icurTime + (0.505 * csound->ksmps))/csound->esr,
                      csound->ekr*((csound->icurTime +
                                    (0.505 * csound->ksmps))/csound->esr));
#endif
  }
  else {
    while ((prvp = nxtp)
           && (nxtp = nxtp->nxtoff) != NULL
           && ip->offtim >= nxtp->offtim);
    prvp->nxtoff = ip;
    ip->nxtoff = nxtp;
  }
}

/* csound.c */
extern  int     csoundDeinitialiseOpcodes(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip);
int     useropcd(CSOUND *, UOPCODE*);

static void deact(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip)
{                               /* unlink single instr from activ chain */
  INSDS  *nxtp;               /*      and mark it inactive            */
  /*   close any files in fd chain        */

  if (ip->nxtd != NULL)
    csoundDeinitialiseOpcodes(csound, ip);
  /* remove an active instrument */
  csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->active--;
  if (ip->xtratim > 0)
    csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->pending_release--;
  csound->cpu_power_busy -= csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->cpuload;
  /* IV - Sep 8 2002: free subinstr instances */
  /* that would otherwise result in a memory leak */
  if (ip->opcod_deact) {
    UOPCODE *p = (UOPCODE*) ip->opcod_deact;          /* IV - Oct 26 2002 */
    deact(csound, p->ip);     /* deactivate */
    p->ip = NULL;
    /* IV - Oct 26 2002: set perf routine to "not initialised" */
    p->h.opadr = (SUBR) useropcd;
    ip->opcod_deact = NULL;
  }
  if (ip->subins_deact) {
    deact(csound, ((SUBINST*) ip->subins_deact)->ip); /* IV - Oct 24 2002 */
    ((SUBINST*) ip->subins_deact)->ip = NULL;
    ip->subins_deact = NULL;
  }
  if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug)) {
    char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->insname;
    if (UNLIKELY(name))
      csound->Message(csound, Str("removed instance of instr %s\n"), name);
    else
      csound->Message(csound, Str("removed instance of instr %d\n"), ip->insno);
  }
  /* IV - Oct 24 2002: ip->prvact may be NULL, so need to check */
  if (ip->prvact && (nxtp = ip->prvact->nxtact = ip->nxtact) != NULL)
    nxtp->prvact = ip->prvact;
  ip->actflg = 0;
  /* link into free instance chain */
  /* This also destroys ip->nxtact causing loops */
  if (csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno] == ip->instr){
    ip->nxtact = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->act_instance;
    csound->engineState.instrtxtp[ip->insno]->act_instance = ip;
  }
  if (ip->fdchp != NULL)
    fdchclose(csound, ip);
  csound->dag_changed++;
}


int kill_instance(CSOUND *csound, KILLOP *p) {
  if (LIKELY(*p->inst)) xturnoff(csound, (INSDS *) ((uintptr_t)*p->inst));
  else csound->Warning(csound, Str("instance not valid\n"));
  return OK;
}

/* Turn off a particular insalloc, also remove from list of active */
/* MIDI notes. Allows for releasing if ip->xtratim > 0. */

void xturnoff(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip)  /* turnoff a particular insalloc  */
{                                         /* called by inexclus on ctrl 111 */
  MCHNBLK *chn;

  if (UNLIKELY(ip->relesing))
    return;                             /* already releasing: nothing to do */

  chn = ip->m_chnbp;
  if (chn != NULL) {                    /* if this was a MIDI note */
    INSDS *prvip;
    prvip = chn->kinsptr[ip->m_pitch];  /*    remov from activ lst */
    if (ip->m_sust && chn->ksuscnt)
      chn->ksuscnt--;
    ip->m_sust = 0;                     /* force turnoff even if sustaining */
    if (prvip != NULL) {
      if (prvip == ip)
        chn->kinsptr[ip->m_pitch] = ip->nxtolap;
      else {
        while (prvip != NULL && prvip->nxtolap != ip)
          prvip = prvip->nxtolap;
        if (prvip != NULL)
          prvip->nxtolap = ip->nxtolap;
      }
    }
  }
  /* remove from schedoff chain first if finite duration */
  if (csound->frstoff != NULL && ip->offtim >= 0.0) {
    INSDS *prvip;
    prvip = csound->frstoff;
    if (prvip == ip)
      csound->frstoff = ip->nxtoff;
    else {
      while (prvip != NULL && prvip->nxtoff != ip)
        prvip = prvip->nxtoff;
      if (prvip != NULL)
        prvip->nxtoff = ip->nxtoff;
    }
  }
  /* if extra time needed: schedoff at new time */
  if (ip->xtratim > 0) {
    set_xtratim(csound, ip);
#ifdef BETA
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound, "Calling schedofftim line %d\n", __LINE__);
#endif
    schedofftim(csound, ip);
  }
  else {
    /* no extra time needed: deactivate immediately */
    deact(csound, ip);
    csound->dag_changed++;      /* Need to remake DAG */
  }
}

/* Turn off instrument instance immediately, without releasing. */
/* Removes alloc from list of active MIDI notes. */
void xturnoff_now(CSOUND *csound, INSDS *ip)
{
  ip->xtratim = 0;
  ip->relesing = 0;
  xturnoff(csound, ip);
}

extern void free_instrtxt(CSOUND *csound, INSTRTXT *instrtxt);


void free_instr_var_memory(CSOUND* csound, INSDS* ip) {
  INSTRTXT* instrDef = ip->instr;
  CS_VAR_POOL* pool = instrDef->varPool;
  CS_VARIABLE* current = pool->head;

  while (current != NULL) {
    CS_TYPE* varType = current->varType;
    if (varType->freeVariableMemory != NULL) {
      varType->freeVariableMemory(csound,
                                  ip->lclbas + current->memBlockIndex);
    }
    current = current->next;
  }
}

void orcompact(CSOUND *csound)          /* free all inactive instr spaces */
{
  INSTRTXT  *txtp;
  INSDS     *ip, *nxtip, *prvip, **prvnxtloc;
  int       cnt = 0;
  for (txtp = &(csound->engineState.instxtanchor);
       txtp != NULL;  txtp = txtp->nxtinstxt) {
    if ((ip = txtp->instance) != NULL) {        /* if instance exists */

      prvip = NULL;
      prvnxtloc = &txtp->instance;
      do {
        if (!ip->actflg) {
          cnt++;
          if (ip->opcod_iobufs && ip->insno > csound->engineState.maxinsno)
            csound->Free(csound, ip->opcod_iobufs);   /* IV - Nov 10 2002 */
          if (ip->fdchp != NULL)
            fdchclose(csound, ip);
          if (ip->auxchp != NULL)
            auxchfree(csound, ip);
          free_instr_var_memory(csound, ip);
          if ((nxtip = ip->nxtinstance) != NULL)
            nxtip->prvinstance = prvip;
          *prvnxtloc = nxtip;
          csound->Free(csound, (char *)ip);
        }
        else {
          prvip = ip;
          prvnxtloc = &ip->nxtinstance;
        }
      }
      while ((ip = *prvnxtloc) != NULL);
    }

    /* IV - Oct 31 2002 */
    if (!txtp->instance)
      txtp->lst_instance = NULL;              /* find last alloc */
    else {
      ip = txtp->instance;
      while (ip->nxtinstance) ip = ip->nxtinstance;
      txtp->lst_instance = ip;
    }

    txtp->act_instance = NULL;                /* no free instances */
  }
  /* check current items in deadpool to see if they need deleting */
  {
    int i;
    for (i=0; i < csound->dead_instr_no; i++) {
      if (csound->dead_instr_pool[i] != NULL) {
        INSDS *active = csound->dead_instr_pool[i]->instance;
        while (active != NULL) {
          if (active->actflg) {
            // add_to_deadpool(csound,csound->dead_instr_pool[i]);
            break;
          }
          active = active->nxtinstance;
        }
        /* no active instances */
        if (active == NULL) {
          free_instrtxt(csound, csound->dead_instr_pool[i]);
          csound->dead_instr_pool[i] = NULL;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (UNLIKELY(cnt))
    csound->Message(csound, Str("inactive allocs returned to freespace\n"));
}

void infoff(CSOUND *csound, MYFLT p1)   /* turn off an indef copy of instr p1 */
{                                       /*      called by musmon              */
  INSDS *ip;
  int   insno;

  insno = (int) p1;
  if (LIKELY((ip = (csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno])->instance) != NULL)) {
    do {
      if (ip->insno == insno          /* if find the insno */
          && ip->actflg               /*      active       */
          && ip->offtim < 0.0         /*  but indef, VL: currently this condition
                                          cannot be removed, as it breaks turning
                                          off extratime instances */
          && ip->p1.value == p1) {
        if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
          csound->Message(csound, "turning off inf copy of instr %d\n",
                          insno);
        xturnoff(csound, ip);
        return;                       /*      turn it off  */
      }
    } while ((ip = ip->nxtinstance) != NULL);
  }
  csound->Message(csound,
                  Str("could not find playing instr %f\n"),
                  p1);
}

void do_baktrace(CSOUND *, uint64_t);

int csoundInitError(CSOUND *csound, const char *s, ...)
{
  va_list args;
  INSDS   *ip;
  char    buf[512];

  /* RWD: need this! */
  if (UNLIKELY(csound->ids == NULL)) {
    va_start(args, s);
    csoundErrMsgV(csound, Str("\nINIT ERROR: "), s, args);
    va_end(args);
    csound->LongJmp(csound, 1);
  }
  if (csound->mode != 1)
    csound->Message(csound, Str("InitError in wrong mode %d\n"), csound->mode);
  /* IV - Oct 16 2002: check for subinstr and user opcode */
  ip = csound->ids->insdshead;
  if (ip->opcod_iobufs) {
    OPCODINFO *op = ((OPCOD_IOBUFS*) ip->opcod_iobufs)->opcode_info;
    /* find top level instrument instance */
    do {
      ip = ((OPCOD_IOBUFS*) ip->opcod_iobufs)->parent_ip;
    } while (ip->opcod_iobufs);
    if (op)
      snprintf(buf, 512, Str("INIT ERROR in instr %d (opcode %s) line %d: "),
               ip->insno, op->name, csound->ids->optext->t.linenum);
    else
      snprintf(buf, 512, Str("INIT ERROR in instr %d (subinstr %d) line %d: "),
               ip->insno, csound->ids->insdshead->insno,
               csound->ids->optext->t.linenum);
  }
  else
    snprintf(buf, 512, Str("INIT ERROR in instr %d (opcode %s) line %d: "),
             ip->insno, csound->op, csound->ids->optext->t.linenum);
  va_start(args, s);
  csoundErrMsgV(csound, buf, s, args);
  va_end(args);
  do_baktrace(csound, csound->ids->optext->t.locn);
  putop(csound, &(csound->ids->optext->t));
  return ++(csound->inerrcnt);
}

int csoundPerfError(CSOUND *csound, OPDS *h, const char *s, ...)
{
  va_list args;
  char    buf[512];
  INSDS *ip = h->insdshead;
  TEXT t = h->optext->t;
  if (csound->mode != 2)
    csound->Message(csound, Str("PerfError in wrong mode %d\n"), csound->mode);
  if (ip->opcod_iobufs) {
    OPCODINFO *op = ((OPCOD_IOBUFS*) ip->opcod_iobufs)->opcode_info;
    /* find top level instrument instance */
    do {
      ip = ((OPCOD_IOBUFS*) ip->opcod_iobufs)->parent_ip;
    } while (ip->opcod_iobufs);
    if (op)
      snprintf(buf, 512, Str("PERF ERROR in instr %d (opcode %s) line %d: "),
               ip->insno, op->name, t.linenum);
    else
      snprintf(buf, 512, Str("PERF ERROR in instr %d (subinstr %d) line %d: "),
               ip->insno, ip->insno, t.linenum);
  }
  else
    snprintf(buf, 512, Str("PERF ERROR in instr %d (opcode %s) line %d: "),
             ip->insno, csound->op, t.linenum);
  va_start(args, s);
  csoundErrMsgV(csound, buf, s, args);
  va_end(args);
  do_baktrace(csound, t.locn);
  if (ip->pds)
    putop(csound, &(ip->pds->optext->t));
  csoundMessage(csound, Str("   note aborted\n"));
  csound->perferrcnt++;
  xturnoff_now((CSOUND*) csound, ip);       /* rm ins fr actlist */
  return csound->perferrcnt;                /* contin from there */
}

int subinstrset_(CSOUND *csound, SUBINST *p, int instno)
{
  OPDS    *saved_ids = csound->ids;
  INSDS   *saved_curip = csound->curip;
  CS_VAR_MEM   *pfield;
  int     n, init_op, inarg_ofs;
  INSDS  *pip = p->h.insdshead;

  init_op = (p->h.opadr == NULL ? 1 : 0);
  inarg_ofs = (init_op ? 0 : SUBINSTNUMOUTS);
  if (UNLIKELY(instno < 0)) return NOTOK;
  /* IV - Oct 9 2002: need this check */
  if (UNLIKELY(!init_op && p->OUTOCOUNT > csound->nchnls)) {
    return csoundInitError(csound, Str("subinstr: number of output "
                                       "args greater than nchnls"));
  }
  /* IV - Oct 9 2002: copied this code from useropcdset() to fix some bugs */
  if (!(pip->reinitflag | pip->tieflag) || p->ip == NULL) {
    /* get instance */
    if (csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno]->act_instance == NULL)
      instance(csound, instno);
    p->ip = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno]->act_instance;
    csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno]->act_instance = p->ip->nxtact;
    p->ip->insno = (int16) instno;
    p->ip->actflg++;                  /*    and mark the instr active */
    csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno]->active++;
    csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno]->instcnt++;
    p->ip->p1.value = (MYFLT) instno;
    /* VL 21-10-16: iobufs are not used here and
       are causing trouble elsewhere. Commenting
       it out */
    /* p->ip->opcod_iobufs = (void*) &p->buf; */
    /* link into deact chain */
    p->ip->subins_deact = saved_curip->subins_deact;
    p->ip->opcod_deact = NULL;
    saved_curip->subins_deact = (void*) p;
    p->parent_ip = p->buf.parent_ip = saved_curip;
  }

  p->ip->ksmps = CS_KSMPS;
  p->ip->kcounter = CS_KCNT;
  p->ip->ekr = CS_EKR;
  p->ip->onedkr = CS_ONEDKR;
  p->ip->onedksmps = CS_ONEDKSMPS;
  p->ip->kicvt = CS_KICVT;

  /* copy parameters from this instrument into our subinstrument */
  p->ip->xtratim  = saved_curip->xtratim;
  p->ip->m_sust   = 0;
  p->ip->relesing = saved_curip->relesing;
  p->ip->offbet   = saved_curip->offbet;
  p->ip->offtim   = saved_curip->offtim;
  p->ip->nxtolap  = NULL;
  p->ip->p2       = saved_curip->p2;
  p->ip->p3       = saved_curip->p3;
  p->ip->ksmps = CS_KSMPS;

  /* IV - Oct 31 2002 */
  p->ip->m_chnbp  = saved_curip->m_chnbp;
  p->ip->m_pitch  = saved_curip->m_pitch;
  p->ip->m_veloc  = saved_curip->m_veloc;

  p->ip->ksmps_offset =  saved_curip->ksmps_offset;
  p->ip->ksmps_no_end =  saved_curip->ksmps_no_end;
  p->ip->tieflag = saved_curip->tieflag;
  p->ip->reinitflag = saved_curip->reinitflag;

  /* copy remainder of pfields */
  pfield = (CS_VAR_MEM*)&p->ip->p3;
  /* by default all inputs are i-rate mapped to p-fields */
  if (UNLIKELY(p->INOCOUNT >
               (unsigned int)(csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno]->pmax + 1)))
    return csoundInitError(csound, Str("subinstr: too many p-fields"));
  union {
    MYFLT d;
    int32 i;
  } ch;
  int str_cnt = 0, len = 0;
  char *argstr;
  for (n = 1; (unsigned int) n < p->INOCOUNT; n++){
    if (IS_STR_ARG(p->ar[inarg_ofs + n])) {
      ch.d = SSTRCOD;
      ch.i = str_cnt & 0xffff;
      (pfield + n)->value = ch.d;
      argstr = ((STRINGDAT *)p->ar[inarg_ofs + n])->data;
      if (str_cnt == 0)
        p->ip->strarg = csound->Calloc(csound, strlen(argstr)+1);
      else
        p->ip->strarg = csound->ReAlloc(csound, p->ip->strarg,
                                        len+strlen(argstr)+1);
      strcpy(p->ip->strarg + len, argstr);
      len += strlen(argstr)+1;
      str_cnt++;
    }
    else (pfield + n)->value = *p->ar[inarg_ofs + n];
  }
  /* allocate memory for a temporary store of spout buffers */
  if (!init_op && !(pip->reinitflag | pip->tieflag))
    csoundAuxAlloc(csound,
                   (int32) csound->nspout * sizeof(MYFLT), &p->saved_spout);

  /* do init pass for this instr */
  csound->curip = p->ip;        /* **** NEW *** */
  p->ip->init_done = 0;
  csound->ids = (OPDS *)p->ip;
  csound->mode = 1;
  while ((csound->ids = csound->ids->nxti) != NULL) {
    csound->op = csound->ids->optext->t.oentry->opname;
    (*csound->ids->iopadr)(csound, csound->ids);
  }
  csound->mode = 0;
  p->ip->init_done = 1;
  /* copy length related parameters back to caller instr */
  saved_curip->xtratim = csound->curip->xtratim;
  saved_curip->relesing = csound->curip->relesing;
  saved_curip->offbet = csound->curip->offbet;
  saved_curip->offtim = csound->curip->offtim;
  saved_curip->p3 = csound->curip->p3;

  /* restore globals */
  csound->ids = saved_ids;
  csound->curip = saved_curip;
  return OK;
}

int subinstrset_S(CSOUND *csound, SUBINST *p){
  int instno, init_op, inarg_ofs;
  /* check if we are using subinstrinit or subinstr */
  init_op = (p->h.opadr == NULL ? 1 : 0);
  inarg_ofs = (init_op ? 0 : SUBINSTNUMOUTS);
  instno = strarg2insno(csound, ((STRINGDAT *)p->ar[inarg_ofs])->data, 1);
  if (UNLIKELY(instno==NOT_AN_INSTRUMENT)) instno = -1;
  return subinstrset_(csound,p,instno);
}


int subinstrset(CSOUND *csound, SUBINST *p){
  int instno, init_op, inarg_ofs;
  /* check if we are using subinstrinit or subinstr */
  init_op = (p->h.opadr == NULL ? 1 : 0);
  inarg_ofs = (init_op ? 0 : SUBINSTNUMOUTS);
  instno = (int) *(p->ar[inarg_ofs]);
  return subinstrset_(csound,p,instno);
}

/* IV - Sep 8 2002: new functions for user defined opcodes (based */
/* on Matt J. Ingalls' subinstruments, but mostly rewritten) */

/*
  UDOs now use the local ksmps stored in lcurip->ksmps
  all the other dependent parameters are calculated in relation to
  this.

  lcurip->ksmps is set to the caller ksmps (CS_KSMPS), unless a new
  local ksmps is used, in which case it is set to that value.
  If local ksmps differs from CS_KSMPS, we set useropcd1() to
  deal with the perf-time code. Otherwise useropcd2() is used.

  For recursive calls when the local ksmps is set to differ from
  the calling instrument ksmps, the top-level call
  will use useropcd1(), whereas all the other recursive calls
  will use useropdc2(), since their local ksmps will be the same
  as the caller.

  Also in case of a local ksmps that differs from the caller,
  the local kcounter value, obtained from the caller is
  scaled to denote the correct kcount in terms of local
  kcycles.

*/
int useropcd1(CSOUND *, UOPCODE*), useropcd2(CSOUND *, UOPCODE*);

int useropcdset(CSOUND *csound, UOPCODE *p)
{
    OPDS         *saved_ids = csound->ids;
    INSDS        *parent_ip = csound->curip, *lcurip;
    INSTRTXT     *tp;
    unsigned int instno;
    unsigned int pcnt;
    unsigned int i, n;
    OPCODINFO    *inm;
    OPCOD_IOBUFS *buf = NULL;
    MYFLT ksmps_scale;
    unsigned int local_ksmps;
    /* default ksmps */
    local_ksmps = CS_KSMPS;
    ksmps_scale = 1;
    /* look up the 'fake' instr number, and opcode name */
    inm = (OPCODINFO*) p->h.optext->t.oentry->useropinfo;
    instno = inm->instno;
    tp = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno];
    if (tp == NULL)
      return csound->InitError(csound, Str("Cannot find instr %d (UDO %s)\n"),
                               instno, inm->name);
    /* set local ksmps if defined by user */
    n = p->OUTOCOUNT + p->INCOUNT - 1;

    if (*(p->ar[n]) != FL(0.0)) {
      i = (unsigned int) *(p->ar[n]);
      if (UNLIKELY(i < 1 || i > csound->ksmps ||
                   ((CS_KSMPS / i) * i) != CS_KSMPS)) {
        return csoundInitError(csound, Str("%s: invalid local ksmps value: %d"),
                               inm->name, i);
      }
      local_ksmps = i;
    }

    if (!p->ip) {

      /* search for already allocated, but not active instance */
      /* if none was found, allocate a new instance */
      tp = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[instno];
      if (tp == NULL) {
        return csound->InitError(csound, Str("Cannot find instr %d (UDO %s)\n"),
                                 instno, inm->name);
      }
      if (!tp->act_instance)
        instance(csound, instno);
      lcurip = tp->act_instance;            /* use free instance, and */
      tp->act_instance = lcurip->nxtact;    /* remove from chain      */
      if (lcurip->opcod_iobufs==NULL)
        return csound->InitError(csound, "Broken redefinition of UDO %d (UDO %s)\n",
                                 instno, inm->name);
      lcurip->actflg++;                     /*    and mark the instr active */
      tp->active++;
      tp->instcnt++;
      /* link into deact chain */
      lcurip->opcod_deact = parent_ip->opcod_deact;
      lcurip->subins_deact = NULL;
      parent_ip->opcod_deact = (void*) p;
      p->ip = lcurip;
      /* IV - Nov 10 2002: set up pointers to I/O buffers */
      buf = p->buf = (OPCOD_IOBUFS*) lcurip->opcod_iobufs;
      buf->opcode_info = inm;
      /* initialise perf time address lists */
      /* **** Could be a memset **** */
      buf->iobufp_ptrs[0] = buf->iobufp_ptrs[1] = NULL;
      buf->iobufp_ptrs[2] = buf->iobufp_ptrs[3] = NULL;
      buf->iobufp_ptrs[4] = buf->iobufp_ptrs[5] = NULL;
      buf->iobufp_ptrs[6] = buf->iobufp_ptrs[7] = NULL;
      buf->iobufp_ptrs[8] = buf->iobufp_ptrs[9] = NULL;
      buf->iobufp_ptrs[10] = buf->iobufp_ptrs[11] = NULL;
      /* store parameters of input and output channels, and parent ip */
      buf->uopcode_struct = (void*) p;
      buf->parent_ip = p->parent_ip = parent_ip;
    }

    /* copy parameters from the caller instrument into our subinstrument */
    lcurip = p->ip;

    /* set the local ksmps values */
    if (local_ksmps != CS_KSMPS) {
      /* this is the case when p->ip->ksmps != p->h.insdshead->ksmps */
      lcurip->ksmps = local_ksmps;
      ksmps_scale = CS_KSMPS / local_ksmps;
      lcurip->onedksmps =  FL(1.0) / (MYFLT) local_ksmps;
      lcurip->ekr = csound->esr / (MYFLT) local_ksmps;
      lcurip->onedkr = FL(1.0) / lcurip->ekr;
      lcurip->kicvt = (MYFLT) FMAXLEN /lcurip->ekr;
      lcurip->kcounter *= ksmps_scale;
    } else {
      lcurip->ksmps = CS_KSMPS;
      lcurip->kcounter = CS_KCNT;
      lcurip->ekr = CS_EKR;
      lcurip->onedkr = CS_ONEDKR;
      lcurip->onedksmps = CS_ONEDKSMPS;
      lcurip->kicvt = CS_KICVT;
    }

    /* VL 13-12-13 */
    /* this sets ksmps and kr local variables */
    /* create local ksmps variable and init with ksmps */
    if (lcurip->lclbas != NULL) {
      CS_VARIABLE *var =
        csoundFindVariableWithName(csound, lcurip->instr->varPool, "ksmps");
      *((MYFLT *)(var->memBlockIndex + lcurip->lclbas)) = lcurip->ksmps;
      /* same for kr */
      var =
        csoundFindVariableWithName(csound, lcurip->instr->varPool, "kr");
      *((MYFLT *)(var->memBlockIndex + lcurip->lclbas)) = lcurip->ekr;
    }

    lcurip->m_chnbp = parent_ip->m_chnbp;       /* MIDI parameters */
    lcurip->m_pitch = parent_ip->m_pitch;
    lcurip->m_veloc = parent_ip->m_veloc;
    lcurip->xtratim = parent_ip->xtratim * ksmps_scale;
    lcurip->m_sust = 0;
    lcurip->relesing = parent_ip->relesing;
    lcurip->offbet = parent_ip->offbet;
    lcurip->offtim = parent_ip->offtim;
    lcurip->nxtolap = NULL;
    lcurip->ksmps_offset = parent_ip->ksmps_offset;
    lcurip->ksmps_no_end = parent_ip->ksmps_no_end;
    lcurip->tieflag = parent_ip->tieflag;
    lcurip->reinitflag = parent_ip->reinitflag;
    /* copy all p-fields, including p1 (will this work ?) */
    if (tp->pmax > 3) {         /* requested number of p-fields */
      n = tp->pmax; pcnt = 0;
      while (pcnt < n) {
        if ((i = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[parent_ip->insno]->pmax) > pcnt) {
          if (i > n) i = n;
          /* copy next block of p-fields */
          memcpy(&(lcurip->p1) + pcnt, &(parent_ip->p1) + pcnt,
                 (size_t) ((i - pcnt) * sizeof(CS_VAR_MEM)));
          pcnt = i;
        }
        /* top level instr reached */
        if (parent_ip->opcod_iobufs == NULL) break;
        parent_ip = ((OPCOD_IOBUFS*) parent_ip->opcod_iobufs)->parent_ip;
      }
    }
    else
      memcpy(&(lcurip->p1), &(parent_ip->p1), 3 * sizeof(CS_VAR_MEM));


    /* do init pass for this instr */
    csound->curip = lcurip;
    csound->ids = (OPDS *) (lcurip->nxti);
    ATOMIC_SET(p->ip->init_done, 0);
    csound->mode = 1;
    while (csound->ids != NULL) {
      csound->op = csound->ids->optext->t.oentry->opname;
      (*csound->ids->iopadr)(csound, csound->ids);
      csound->ids = csound->ids->nxti;
    }
    csound->mode = 0;
    ATOMIC_SET(p->ip->init_done, 1);
    /* copy length related parameters back to caller instr */
    parent_ip->relesing = lcurip->relesing;
    parent_ip->offbet = lcurip->offbet;
    parent_ip->offtim = lcurip->offtim;
    parent_ip->p3 = lcurip->p3;
    local_ksmps = lcurip->ksmps;

    /* restore globals */
    csound->ids = saved_ids;
    csound->curip = parent_ip;

    /* select perf routine and scale xtratim accordingly */
    if (local_ksmps != CS_KSMPS) {
      ksmps_scale = CS_KSMPS / local_ksmps;
      parent_ip->xtratim = lcurip->xtratim / ksmps_scale;
      p->h.opadr = (SUBR) useropcd1;
    }
    else {
      parent_ip->xtratim = lcurip->xtratim;
      p->h.opadr = (SUBR) useropcd2;
    }
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
      csound->Message(csound, "EXTRATIM=> cur(%p): %d, parent(%p): %d\n",
                      lcurip, lcurip->xtratim, parent_ip, parent_ip->xtratim);
    return OK;
}

/* IV - Sep 17 2002: dummy user opcode function for not initialised case */

int useropcd(CSOUND *csound, UOPCODE *p)
{

  if (UNLIKELY(p->h.nxtp))
    return csoundPerfError(csound, &(p->h), Str("%s: not initialised"),
                           p->h.optext->t.opcod);
  else
    return OK;
}

/* IV - Sep 1 2002: new opcodes: xin, xout */

int xinset(CSOUND *csound, XIN *p)
{
  OPCOD_IOBUFS  *buf;
  OPCODINFO   *inm;
  MYFLT **bufs, **tmp;
  int i;
  CS_VARIABLE* current;

  (void) csound;
  buf = (OPCOD_IOBUFS*) p->h.insdshead->opcod_iobufs;
  inm = buf->opcode_info;
  bufs = ((UOPCODE*) buf->uopcode_struct)->ar + inm->outchns;
  tmp = buf->iobufp_ptrs; // this is used to record the UDO's internal vars
  // for copying at perf-time
  current = inm->in_arg_pool->head;

  for (i = 0; i < inm->inchns; i++) {
    void* in = (void*)bufs[i];
    void* out = (void*)p->args[i];
    tmp[i + inm->outchns] = out;
    current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
    current = current->next;
  }

  return OK;
}

int xoutset(CSOUND *csound, XOUT *p)
{
  OPCOD_IOBUFS  *buf;
  OPCODINFO   *inm;
  MYFLT       **bufs, **tmp;
  CS_VARIABLE* current;
  int i;

  (void) csound;
  buf = (OPCOD_IOBUFS*) p->h.insdshead->opcod_iobufs;
  inm = buf->opcode_info;
  bufs = ((UOPCODE*) buf->uopcode_struct)->ar;
  tmp = buf->iobufp_ptrs; // this is used to record the UDO's internal vars
  // for copying at perf-time
  current = inm->out_arg_pool->head;

  for (i = 0; i < inm->outchns; i++) {
    void* in = (void*)p->args[i];
    void* out = (void*)bufs[i];
    tmp[i] = in;
    // DO NOT COPY K or A or F vars
    if (csoundGetTypeForArg(in) != &CS_VAR_TYPE_K &&
        csoundGetTypeForArg(in) != &CS_VAR_TYPE_F &&
        csoundGetTypeForArg(in) != &CS_VAR_TYPE_A)
      current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
    current = current->next;
  }

  return OK;
}

/* IV - Sep 8 2002: new opcode: setksmps */

/*
  This opcode sets the local ksmps for an instrument
  it can be used on any instrument with the implementation
  of a mechanism to perform at local ksmps (in kperf etc)
*/
//#include "typetabl.h"
#include "csound_standard_types.h"
int setksmpsset(CSOUND *csound, SETKSMPS *p)
{

  unsigned int  l_ksmps, n;

  l_ksmps = (unsigned int) *(p->i_ksmps);
  if (!l_ksmps) return OK;       /* zero: do not change */
  if (UNLIKELY(l_ksmps < 1 || l_ksmps > CS_KSMPS ||
               ((CS_KSMPS / l_ksmps) * l_ksmps != CS_KSMPS))) {
    return csoundInitError(csound,
                           Str("setksmps: invalid ksmps value: %d, original: %d"),
                           l_ksmps, CS_KSMPS);
  }

  n = CS_KSMPS / l_ksmps;
  p->h.insdshead->xtratim *= n;
  CS_KSMPS = l_ksmps;
  CS_ONEDKSMPS = FL(1.0) / (MYFLT) CS_KSMPS;
  CS_EKR = csound->esr / (MYFLT) CS_KSMPS;
  CS_ONEDKR = FL(1.0) / CS_EKR;
  CS_KICVT = (MYFLT) FMAXLEN / CS_EKR;
  CS_KCNT *= n;

  /* VL 13-12-13 */
  /* this sets ksmps and kr local variables */
  /* lookup local ksmps variable and init with ksmps */
  INSTRTXT *ip = p->h.insdshead->instr;
  CS_VARIABLE *var =
    csoundFindVariableWithName(csound, ip->varPool, "ksmps");
  MYFLT *varmem = p->h.insdshead->lclbas + var->memBlockIndex;
  *varmem = CS_KSMPS;

  /* same for kr */
  var =
    csoundFindVariableWithName(csound, ip->varPool, "kr");
  varmem = p->h.insdshead->lclbas + var->memBlockIndex;
  *varmem = CS_EKR;

  return OK;
}

/* IV - Oct 16 2002: nstrnum opcode (returns the instrument number of a */
/* named instrument) */

int nstrnumset(CSOUND *csound, NSTRNUM *p)
{
  /* IV - Oct 31 2002 */
    int res = strarg2insno(csound, p->iname, 0);
    if (UNLIKELY(res == NOT_AN_INSTRUMENT)) {
      *p->i_insno = -FL(1.0); return NOTOK;
    }
    else {
      *p->i_insno = (MYFLT)res; return OK;
    }
}

int nstrnumset_S(CSOUND *csound, NSTRNUM *p)
{
  /* IV - Oct 31 2002 */
    int res = strarg2insno(csound, ((STRINGDAT *)p->iname)->data, 1);
    if (UNLIKELY(res == NOT_AN_INSTRUMENT)) {
      *p->i_insno = -FL(1.0); return NOTOK;
    }
    else {
      *p->i_insno = (MYFLT)res; return OK;
    }
}

int nstrstr(CSOUND *csound, NSTRSTR *p)
{
    char *ss = cs_inverse_hash_get(csound,
                                   csound->engineState.instrumentNames,
                                   (int)*p->num);
    mfree(csound,p->ans->data);
    p->ans->data = cs_strdup(csound, ss);
    p->ans->size = strlen(ss);
    return OK;
}

/* unlink expired notes from activ chain */
/*      and mark them inactive           */
/*    close any files in each fdchain    */

/* IV - Feb 05 2005: changed to double */

void beatexpire(CSOUND *csound, double beat)
{
  INSDS  *ip;
 strt:
  if ((ip = csound->frstoff) != NULL && ip->offbet <= beat) {
    do {
      if (!ip->relesing && ip->xtratim) {
        /* IV - Nov 30 2002: */
        /*   allow extra time for finite length (p3 > 0) score notes */
        set_xtratim(csound, ip);      /* enter release stage */
        csound->frstoff = ip->nxtoff; /* update turnoff list */
#ifdef BETA
        if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
          csound->Message(csound, "Calling schedofftim line %d\n", __LINE__);
#endif
        schedofftim(csound, ip);
        goto strt;                    /* and start again */
      }
      else
        deact(csound, ip);    /* IV - Sep 5 2002: use deact() as it also */
    }                         /* deactivates subinstrument instances */
    while ((ip = ip->nxtoff) != NULL && ip->offbet <= beat);
    csound->frstoff = ip;
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "deactivated all notes to beat %7.3f\n", beat);
      csound->Message(csound, "frstoff = %p\n", (void*) csound->frstoff);
    }
  }
}

/* unlink expired notes from activ chain */
/*      and mark them inactive           */
/*    close any files in each fdchain    */

/* IV - Feb 05 2005: changed to double */

void timexpire(CSOUND *csound, double time)
{
  INSDS  *ip;

 strt:
  if ((ip = csound->frstoff) != NULL && ip->offtim <= time) {
    do {
      if (!ip->relesing && ip->xtratim) {
        /* IV - Nov 30 2002: */
        /*   allow extra time for finite length (p3 > 0) score notes */
        set_xtratim(csound, ip);      /* enter release stage */
        csound->frstoff = ip->nxtoff; /* update turnoff list */
#ifdef BETA
        if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
          csound->Message(csound, "Calling schedofftim line %d\n", __LINE__);
#endif
        schedofftim(csound, ip);

        goto strt;                    /* and start again */
      }
      else {
        deact(csound, ip);    /* IV - Sep 5 2002: use deact() as it also */
      }
    }                         /* deactivates subinstrument instances */
    while ((ip = ip->nxtoff) != NULL && ip->offtim <= time);
    csound->frstoff = ip;
    if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug)) {
      csound->Message(csound, "deactivated all notes to time %7.3f\n", time);
      csound->Message(csound, "frstoff = %p\n", (void*) csound->frstoff);
    }
  }
}

/**
   this was rewritten for Csound 6 to allow
   PARCS and local ksmps instruments
*/

int subinstr(CSOUND *csound, SUBINST *p)
{
  OPDS    *saved_pds = CS_PDS;
  MYFLT   *pbuf;
  uint32_t frame, chan;
  unsigned int nsmps = CS_KSMPS;
  INSDS *ip = p->ip;
  int done = ATOMIC_GET(p->ip->init_done);

  if (UNLIKELY(!done)) /* init not done, exit */
    return OK;

  //printf("%s\n", p->ip->strarg);

  if (UNLIKELY(p->ip == NULL)) {                /* IV - Oct 26 2002 */
    return csoundPerfError(csound, &(p->h),
                           Str("subinstr: not initialised"));
  }
  /* copy current spout buffer and clear it */
  ip->spout = (MYFLT*) p->saved_spout.auxp;
  memset(ip->spout, 0, csound->nspout*sizeof(MYFLT));
  csound->spoutactive = 0;

  /* update release flag */
  ip->relesing = p->parent_ip->relesing;   /* IV - Nov 16 2002 */

  /*  run each opcode  */
  if (csound->ksmps == ip->ksmps) {
    int error = 0;
    if ((CS_PDS = (OPDS *) (ip->nxtp)) != NULL) {
      CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
      do {
        error = (*CS_PDS->opadr)(csound, CS_PDS);
        if (CS_PDS->insdshead->pds != NULL) {
          CS_PDS = CS_PDS->insdshead->pds;
          CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
        }
      } while (error == 0 && (CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp));
    }
    ip->kcounter++;
  }
  else {
    int i, n = csound->nspout, start = 0;
    int lksmps = ip->ksmps;
    int incr = csound->nchnls*lksmps;
    int offset =  ip->ksmps_offset;
    int early = ip->ksmps_no_end;
    ip->spin = csound->spin;
    ip->kcounter =  csound->kcounter*csound->ksmps/lksmps;

    /* we have to deal with sample-accurate code
       whole CS_KSMPS blocks are offset here, the
       remainder is left to each opcode to deal with.
    */
    while (offset >= lksmps) {
      offset -= lksmps;
      start += csound->nchnls;
    }
    ip->ksmps_offset = offset;
    if (early) {
      n -= (early*csound->nchnls);
      ip->ksmps_no_end = early % lksmps;
    }

    for (i=start; i < n; i+=incr, ip->spin+=incr, ip->spout+=incr) {
      if ((CS_PDS = (OPDS *) (ip->nxtp)) != NULL) {
        int error = 0;
        CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
        do {
          if(UNLIKELY(!ATOMIC_GET8(p->ip->actflg))){
            memset(p->ar, 0, sizeof(MYFLT)*CS_KSMPS*p->OUTCOUNT);
            goto endin;
          }
          error = (*CS_PDS->opadr)(csound, CS_PDS);
          if (CS_PDS->insdshead->pds != NULL) {
            CS_PDS = CS_PDS->insdshead->pds;
            CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
          }
        } while (error == 0 && (CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp));
      }
      ip->kcounter++;
    }
    ip->spout = (MYFLT*) p->saved_spout.auxp;
  }
  /* copy outputs */
  for (chan = 0; chan < p->OUTOCOUNT; chan++) {
    for (pbuf = ip->spout + chan*nsmps, frame = 0;
         frame < nsmps; frame++) {
      p->ar[chan][frame] = pbuf[frame];
      //printf("%f\n", p->ar[chan][frame]);
      //pbuf += csound->nchnls;
    }
  }
  endin:
  CS_PDS = saved_pds;
  /* check if instrument was deactivated (e.g. by perferror) */
  if (!p->ip) {                                  /* loop to last opds */
    while (CS_PDS->nxtp) {
      CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp;
    }
  }
  return OK;
}

/* IV - Sep 17 2002 -- case 1: local ksmps is used */

int useropcd1(CSOUND *csound, UOPCODE *p)
{
  OPDS    *saved_pds = CS_PDS;
  int    g_ksmps, ofs, early, offset, i;
  OPCODINFO   *inm;
  CS_VARIABLE* current;
  INSDS    *this_instr = p->ip;
  MYFLT** internal_ptrs = p->buf->iobufp_ptrs;
  MYFLT** external_ptrs = p->ar;
  int done;

  done = ATOMIC_GET(p->ip->init_done);
  if (UNLIKELY(!done)) /* init not done, exit */
    return OK;

  p->ip->relesing = p->parent_ip->relesing;   /* IV - Nov 16 2002 */
  early = p->h.insdshead->ksmps_no_end;
  offset = p->h.insdshead->ksmps_offset;
  p->ip->spin = p->parent_ip->spin;
  p->ip->spout = p->parent_ip->spout;
  inm = p->buf->opcode_info;

  /* global ksmps is the caller instr ksmps minus sample-accurate end */
  g_ksmps = CS_KSMPS - early;

  /* sample-accurate offset */
  ofs = offset;

  /* clear offsets, since with CS_KSMPS=1
     they don't apply to opcodes, but to the
     calling code (ie. this code)
  */
  this_instr->ksmps_offset = 0;
  this_instr->ksmps_no_end = 0;

  if (this_instr->ksmps == 1) {           /* special case for local kr == sr */
    do {
      /* copy inputs */
      current = inm->in_arg_pool->head;
      for (i = 0; i < inm->inchns; i++) {
        // this hardcoded type check for non-perf time vars needs to change
        //to use generic code...
        // skip a-vars for now, handle uniquely within performance loop
        if (current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
            current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_b &&
            current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_A &&
            current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
            current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          // This one checks if an array has a subtype of 'i'
          void* in = (void*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          void* out = (void*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
        } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          MYFLT* in = (void*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          MYFLT* out = (void*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          *out = *(in + ofs);
        } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_ARRAY &&
                   current->subType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          ARRAYDAT* src = (ARRAYDAT*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          ARRAYDAT* target = (ARRAYDAT*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          int count = src->sizes[0];
          int j;
          if (src->dimensions > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < src->dimensions; j++) {
              count *= src->sizes[j];
            }
          }

          for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
            int memberOffset = j * (src->arrayMemberSize / sizeof(MYFLT));
            MYFLT* in = src->data + memberOffset;
            MYFLT* out = target->data + memberOffset;
            *out = *(in + ofs);
          }
        }
        current = current->next;
      }

      if ((CS_PDS = (OPDS *) (this_instr->nxtp)) != NULL) {
        int error = 0;
        CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
        do {
          if(UNLIKELY(!ATOMIC_GET8(p->ip->actflg))) goto endop;
          error = (*CS_PDS->opadr)(csound, CS_PDS);
          if (CS_PDS->insdshead->pds != NULL &&
              CS_PDS->insdshead->pds->insdshead) {
            CS_PDS = CS_PDS->insdshead->pds;
            CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
          }
        } while (error == 0 && p->ip != NULL
                 && (CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp));
      }

      /* copy a-sig outputs, accounting for offset */
      current = inm->out_arg_pool->head;
      for (i = 0; i < inm->outchns; i++) {
        if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          MYFLT* in = (void*)internal_ptrs[i];
          MYFLT* out = (void*)external_ptrs[i];
          *(out + ofs) = *in;
        } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_ARRAY &&
                   current->subType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          ARRAYDAT* src = (ARRAYDAT*)internal_ptrs[i];
          ARRAYDAT* target = (ARRAYDAT*)external_ptrs[i];
          int count = src->sizes[0];
          int j;
          if (src->dimensions > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < src->dimensions; j++) {
              count *= src->sizes[j];
            }
          }

          for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
            int memberOffset = j * (src->arrayMemberSize / sizeof(MYFLT));
            MYFLT* in = src->data + memberOffset;
            MYFLT* out = target->data + memberOffset;
            *(out + ofs) = *in;
          }
        }

        current = current->next;
      }


      this_instr->kcounter++;
      this_instr->spout += csound->nchnls;
      this_instr->spin  += csound->nchnls;
    } while (++ofs < g_ksmps);
  }
  else {
    /* generic case for local kr != sr */
    /* we have to deal with sample-accurate code
       whole CS_KSMPS blocks are offset here, the
       remainder is left to each opcode to deal with.
    */
    int start = 0;
    int lksmps = this_instr->ksmps;
    while (ofs >= lksmps) {
      ofs -= lksmps;
      start++;
    }
    this_instr->ksmps_offset = ofs;
    ofs = start;
    if (UNLIKELY(early)) this_instr->ksmps_no_end = early % lksmps;

    do {
      /* copy a-sig inputs, accounting for offset */
      size_t asigSize = (this_instr->ksmps * sizeof(MYFLT));
      current = inm->in_arg_pool->head;
      for (i = 0; i < inm->inchns; i++) {
        // this hardcoded type check for non-perf time vars needs to change
        // to use generic code...
        // skip a-vars for now, handle uniquely within performance loop
        if (current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
            current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_b &&
            current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_A &&
            current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
            current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          // This one checks if an array has a subtype of 'i'
          void* in = (void*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          void* out = (void*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
        } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          MYFLT* in = (void*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          MYFLT* out = (void*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          memcpy(out, in + ofs, asigSize);
        } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_ARRAY &&
                   current->subType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          ARRAYDAT* src = (ARRAYDAT*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          ARRAYDAT* target = (ARRAYDAT*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
          int count = src->sizes[0];
          int j;
          if (src->dimensions > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < src->dimensions; j++) {
              count *= src->sizes[j];
            }
          }

          for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
            int memberOffset = j * (src->arrayMemberSize / sizeof(MYFLT));
            MYFLT* in = src->data + memberOffset;
            MYFLT* out = target->data + memberOffset;
            memcpy(out, in + ofs, asigSize);
          }
        }
        current = current->next;
      }

      /*  run each opcode  */
      if ((CS_PDS = (OPDS *) (this_instr->nxtp)) != NULL) {
        int error = 0;
        CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
        do {
          if(UNLIKELY(!ATOMIC_GET8(p->ip->actflg))) goto endop;
          error = (*CS_PDS->opadr)(csound, CS_PDS);
          if (CS_PDS->insdshead->pds != NULL &&
              CS_PDS->insdshead->pds->insdshead) {
            CS_PDS = CS_PDS->insdshead->pds;
            CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
          }
        } while (error == 0 && p->ip != NULL
                 && (CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp));
      }

      /* copy a-sig outputs, accounting for offset */
      current = inm->out_arg_pool->head;
      for (i = 0; i < inm->outchns; i++) {
        if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          MYFLT* in = (void*)internal_ptrs[i];
          MYFLT* out = (void*)external_ptrs[i];
          memcpy(out + ofs, in, asigSize);
        } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_ARRAY &&
                   current->subType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
          ARRAYDAT* src = (ARRAYDAT*)internal_ptrs[i];
          ARRAYDAT* target = (ARRAYDAT*)external_ptrs[i];
          int count = src->sizes[0];
          int j;
          if (src->dimensions > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < src->dimensions; j++) {
              count *= src->sizes[j];
            }
          }

          for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
            int memberOffset = j * (src->arrayMemberSize / sizeof(MYFLT));
            MYFLT* in = src->data + memberOffset;
            MYFLT* out = target->data + memberOffset;
            memcpy(out + ofs, in, asigSize);
          }

        }

        current = current->next;
      }

      this_instr->spout += csound->nchnls*lksmps;
      this_instr->spin  += csound->nchnls*lksmps;
      this_instr->kcounter++;
    } while ((ofs += this_instr->ksmps) < g_ksmps);
  }


  /* copy outputs */
  current = inm->out_arg_pool->head;
  for (i = 0; i < inm->outchns; i++) {
    // this hardcoded type check for non-perf time vars needs to change
    // to use generic code...
    if (current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
        current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_b &&
        current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I) {
      void* in = (void*)internal_ptrs[i];
      void* out = (void*)external_ptrs[i];

      if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
        /* clear the beginning portion of outputs for sample accurate end */
        if (offset) {
          memset(out, '\0', sizeof(MYFLT) * offset);
        }

        /* clear the end portion of outputs for sample accurate end */
        if (early) {
          memset((char*)out + g_ksmps, '\0', sizeof(MYFLT) * early);
        }
      } else if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_ARRAY &&
                 current->subType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A) {
        if (offset || early) {
          ARRAYDAT* outDat = (ARRAYDAT*)out;
          int count = outDat->sizes[0];
          int j;
          if (outDat->dimensions > 1) {
            for (j = 0; j < outDat->dimensions; j++) {
              count *= outDat->sizes[j];
            }
          }

          if (offset) {
            for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
              int memberOffset = j * (outDat->arrayMemberSize / sizeof(MYFLT));
              MYFLT* outMem = outDat->data + memberOffset;
              memset(outMem, '\0', sizeof(MYFLT) * offset);
            }
          }

          if (early) {
            for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
              int memberOffset = j * (outDat->arrayMemberSize / sizeof(MYFLT));
              MYFLT* outMem = outDat->data + memberOffset;
              memset(outMem + g_ksmps, '\0', sizeof(MYFLT) * early);
            }
          }
        }

      } else {
        current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
      }
    }
    current = current->next;
  }
 endop:
  CS_PDS = saved_pds;
  /* check if instrument was deactivated (e.g. by perferror) */
  if (!p->ip)                                         /* loop to last opds */
    while (CS_PDS && CS_PDS->nxtp) CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp;
  return OK;
}

/* IV - Sep 17 2002 -- case 2: simplified routine for no local ksmps */

int useropcd2(CSOUND *csound, UOPCODE *p)
{
  OPDS    *saved_pds = CS_PDS;
  MYFLT   **tmp;
  INSDS    *this_instr = p->ip;
  OPCODINFO   *inm;
  CS_VARIABLE* current;
  int i, done;

  inm = (OPCODINFO*) p->h.optext->t.oentry->useropinfo;
  done = ATOMIC_GET(p->ip->init_done);

  if (UNLIKELY(!done)) /* init not done, exit */
    return OK;

  p->ip->spin = p->parent_ip->spin;
  p->ip->spout = p->parent_ip->spout;

  if (UNLIKELY(!(CS_PDS = (OPDS*) (p->ip->nxtp))))
    goto endop; /* no perf code */


  /* IV - Nov 16 2002: update release flag */
  p->ip->relesing = p->parent_ip->relesing;
  tmp = p->buf->iobufp_ptrs;
  inm = p->buf->opcode_info;

  MYFLT** internal_ptrs = tmp;
  MYFLT** external_ptrs = p->ar;

  /* copy inputs */
  current = inm->in_arg_pool->head;
  for (i = 0; i < inm->inchns; i++) {
    // this hardcoded type check for non-perf time vars needs to
    //change to use generic code...
    if (current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
        current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_b &&
        current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I) {
      if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A && CS_KSMPS == 1) {
        *internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns] = *external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
      } else {
        void* in = (void*)external_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
        void* out = (void*)internal_ptrs[i + inm->outchns];
        current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
        //                memcpy(out, in, p->buf->in_arg_sizes[i]);
      }
    }
    current = current->next;
  }

  /*  run each opcode  */
  {
  int error = 0;
  CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
  do {
    if(UNLIKELY(!ATOMIC_GET8(p->ip->actflg))) goto endop;
    error = (*CS_PDS->opadr)(csound, CS_PDS);
    if (CS_PDS->insdshead->pds != NULL &&
        CS_PDS->insdshead->pds->insdshead) {
      CS_PDS = CS_PDS->insdshead->pds;
      CS_PDS->insdshead->pds = NULL;
    }
  } while (error == 0 && p->ip != NULL
           && (CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp));
  }
  this_instr->kcounter++;

  /* copy outputs */
  current = inm->out_arg_pool->head;
  for (i = 0; i < inm->outchns; i++) {
    // this hardcoded type check for non-perf time vars needs to change to
    // use generic code...
    if (current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I &&
        current->varType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_b &&
        current->subType != &CS_VAR_TYPE_I) {
      if (current->varType == &CS_VAR_TYPE_A && CS_KSMPS == 1) {
        *external_ptrs[i] = *internal_ptrs[i];
      } else {
        void* in = (void*)internal_ptrs[i];
        void* out = (void*)external_ptrs[i];
        //            memcpy(out, in, p->buf->out_arg_sizes[i]);
        current->varType->copyValue(csound, out, in);
      }
    }
    current = current->next;
  }

 endop:


  /* restore globals */
  CS_PDS = saved_pds;
  /* check if instrument was deactivated (e.g. by perferror) */
  if (!p->ip)  {                   /* loop to last opds */
    while (CS_PDS && CS_PDS->nxtp) {
      CS_PDS = CS_PDS->nxtp;
    }
  }
  return OK;
}

/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS FOR LABELS */

int findLabelMemOffset(CSOUND* csound, INSTRTXT* ip, char* labelName) {
  IGN(csound);
  OPTXT* optxt = (OPTXT*) ip;
  int offset = 0;

  while ((optxt = optxt->nxtop) != NULL) {
    TEXT* t = &optxt->t;
    if (strcmp(t->oentry->opname, "$label") == 0 &&
        strcmp(t->opcod, labelName) == 0) {
      break;
    }
    offset += t->oentry->dsblksiz;
  }

  return offset;
}

/* create instance of an instr template */
/*   allocates and sets up all pntrs    */

static void instance(CSOUND *csound, int insno)
{
  INSTRTXT  *tp;
  INSDS     *ip;
  OPTXT     *optxt;
  OPDS      *opds, *prvids, *prvpds;
  const OENTRY  *ep;
  int       i, n, pextent, pextra, pextrab;
  char      *nxtopds, *opdslim;
  MYFLT     **argpp, *lclbas;
  CS_VAR_MEM *lcloffbas; // start of pfields
  char*     opMemStart;

  OPARMS    *O = csound->oparms;
  int       odebug = O->odebug;
  ARG*      arg;
  int       argStringCount;
  CS_VARIABLE* current;

  tp = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno];
  n = 3;
  if (O->midiKey>n) n = O->midiKey;
  if (O->midiKeyCps>n) n = O->midiKeyCps;
  if (O->midiKeyOct>n) n = O->midiKeyOct;
  if (O->midiKeyPch>n) n = O->midiKeyPch;
  if (O->midiVelocity>n) n = O->midiVelocity;
  if (O->midiVelocityAmp>n) n = O->midiVelocityAmp;
  pextra = n-3;
  pextrab = ((i = tp->pmax - 3L) > 0 ? (int) i * sizeof(CS_VAR_MEM) : 0);
  /* alloc new space,  */
  pextent = sizeof(INSDS) + pextrab + pextra*sizeof(CS_VAR_MEM);
  ip =
    (INSDS*) csound->Calloc(csound,
                            (size_t) pextent + tp->varPool->poolSize +
                            (tp->varPool->varCount *
                             CS_FLOAT_ALIGN(CS_VAR_TYPE_OFFSET)) +
                            (tp->varPool->varCount * sizeof(CS_VARIABLE*)) +
                            tp->opdstot);
  ip->csound = csound;
  ip->m_chnbp = (MCHNBLK*) NULL;
  ip->instr = tp;
  /* IV - Oct 26 2002: replaced with faster version (no search) */
  ip->prvinstance = tp->lst_instance;
  if (tp->lst_instance)
    tp->lst_instance->nxtinstance = ip;
  else
    tp->instance = ip;
  tp->lst_instance = ip;
  /* link into free instance chain */
  ip->nxtact = tp->act_instance;
  tp->act_instance = ip;
  ip->insno = insno;
  if (UNLIKELY(csound->oparms->odebug))
    csoundMessage(csound,"instance(): tp->act_instance = %p\n",
                  tp->act_instance);


  if (insno > csound->engineState.maxinsno) {
    //      size_t pcnt = (size_t) tp->opcode_info->perf_incnt;
    //      pcnt += (size_t) tp->opcode_info->perf_outcnt;
    OPCODINFO* info = tp->opcode_info;
    size_t pcnt = sizeof(OPCOD_IOBUFS) +
      sizeof(MYFLT*) * (info->inchns + info->outchns);
    ip->opcod_iobufs = (void*) csound->Malloc(csound, pcnt);
  }

  /* gbloffbas = csound->globalVarPool; */
  lcloffbas = (CS_VAR_MEM*)&ip->p0;
  lclbas = (MYFLT*) ((char*) ip + pextent);   /* split local space */
  initializeVarPool((void *)csound, lclbas, tp->varPool);

  opMemStart = nxtopds = (char*) lclbas + tp->varPool->poolSize +
    (tp->varPool->varCount * CS_FLOAT_ALIGN(CS_VAR_TYPE_OFFSET));
  opdslim = nxtopds + tp->opdstot;
  if (UNLIKELY(odebug))
    csound->Message(csound,
                    Str("instr %d allocated at %p\n\tlclbas %p, opds %p\n"),
                    insno, ip, lclbas, nxtopds);
  optxt = (OPTXT*) tp;
  prvids = prvpds = (OPDS*) ip;
  //    prvids->insdshead = ip;

  /* initialize vars for CS_TYPE */
  for (current = tp->varPool->head; current != NULL; current = current->next) {
    char* ptr = (char*)(lclbas + current->memBlockIndex);
    CS_TYPE** typePtr = (CS_TYPE**)(ptr - CS_VAR_TYPE_OFFSET);
    *typePtr = current->varType;
  }

  while ((optxt = optxt->nxtop) != NULL) {    /* for each op in instr */
    TEXT *ttp = &optxt->t;
    ep = ttp->oentry;
    opds = (OPDS*) nxtopds;                   /*   take reqd opds */
    nxtopds += ep->dsblksiz;
    if (UNLIKELY(strcmp(ep->opname, "endin") == 0         /*  (until ENDIN)  */
                 || strcmp(ep->opname, "endop") == 0))    /*  (or ENDOP)     */
      break;

    if (UNLIKELY(strcmp(ep->opname, "pset") == 0)) {
      ip->p1.value = (MYFLT) insno;
      continue;
    }
    if (UNLIKELY(odebug))
      csound->Message(csound, Str("op (%s) allocated at %p\n"),
                      ep->opname, opds);
    opds->optext = optxt;                     /* set common headata */
    opds->insdshead = ip;
    if (strcmp(ep->opname, "$label") == 0) {     /* LABEL:       */
      LBLBLK  *lblbp = (LBLBLK *) opds;
      lblbp->prvi = prvids;                   /*    save i/p links */
      lblbp->prvp = prvpds;
      continue;                               /*    for later refs */
    }
    // ******** This needs revisipn with no distinction between k- and a- rate ****
    if ((ep->thread & 03) == 0) {             /* thread 1 OR 2:  */
      if (ttp->pftype == 'b') {
        prvids = prvids->nxti = opds;
        opds->iopadr = ep->iopadr;
      }
      else {
        prvpds = prvpds->nxtp = opds;
        opds->opadr = ep->kopadr;
      }
      goto args;
    }
    if ((ep->thread & 01) != 0) {             /* thread 1:        */
      prvids = prvids->nxti = opds;           /* link into ichain */
      opds->iopadr = ep->iopadr;              /*   & set exec adr */
      if (UNLIKELY(opds->iopadr == NULL))
        csoundDie(csound, Str("null iopadr"));
    }
    if ((n = ep->thread & 02) != 0) {         /* thread 2     :   */
      prvpds = prvpds->nxtp = opds;           /* link into pchain */
      /* if (!(n & 04) || */
      /*     ((ttp->pftype == 'k' || ttp->pftype == 'c') && ep->kopadr != NULL)) */
        opds->opadr = ep->kopadr;             /*      krate or    */
      /* else opds->opadr = ep->aopadr;          /\*      arate       *\/ */
      if (UNLIKELY(odebug))
        csound->Message(csound, "opadr = %p\n", (void*) opds->opadr);
      if (UNLIKELY(opds->opadr == NULL))
        csoundDie(csound, Str("null opadr"));
    }
  args:
    if (ep->useropinfo == NULL)
      argpp = (MYFLT **) ((char *) opds + sizeof(OPDS));
    else          /* user defined opcodes are a special case */
      argpp = &(((UOPCODE *) ((char *) opds))->ar[0]);

    arg = ttp->outArgs;
    for (n = 0; arg != NULL; n++) {
      MYFLT *fltp;
      CS_VARIABLE* var = (CS_VARIABLE*)arg->argPtr;
      if (arg->type == ARG_GLOBAL) {
        fltp = &(var->memBlock->value); /* gbloffbas + var->memBlockIndex; */
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_LOCAL) {
        fltp = lclbas + var->memBlockIndex;
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_PFIELD) {
        CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = lcloffbas + arg->index;
        fltp = &(pfield->value);
      }
      else {
        csound->Message(csound, Str("FIXME: Unhandled out-arg type: %d\n"),
                        arg->type);
        fltp = NULL;
      }
      argpp[n] = fltp;
      arg = arg->next;
    }

    for (argStringCount = argsRequired(ep->outypes);
         n < argStringCount;
         n++)  /* if more outypes, pad */
      argpp[n] = NULL;

    arg = ttp->inArgs;
    ip->lclbas = lclbas;
    for (; arg != NULL; n++, arg = arg->next) {
      CS_VARIABLE* var = (CS_VARIABLE*)(arg->argPtr);
      if (arg->type == ARG_CONSTANT) {
        CS_VAR_MEM *varMem = (CS_VAR_MEM*)arg->argPtr;
        argpp[n] = &varMem->value;
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_STRING) {
        argpp[n] = (MYFLT*)(arg->argPtr);
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_PFIELD) {
        CS_VAR_MEM* pfield = lcloffbas + arg->index;
        argpp[n] = &(pfield->value);
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_GLOBAL) {
        argpp[n] =  &(var->memBlock->value); /*gbloffbas + var->memBlockIndex; */
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_LOCAL){
        argpp[n] = lclbas + var->memBlockIndex;
      }
      else if (arg->type == ARG_LABEL) {
        argpp[n] = (MYFLT*)(opMemStart +
                            findLabelMemOffset(csound, tp, (char*)arg->argPtr));
      }
      else {
        csound->Message(csound, Str("FIXME: instance unexpected arg: %d\n"),
                        arg->type);
      }
    }

  }

  /* VL 13-12-13: point the memory to the local ksmps & kr variables,
     and initialise them */
  CS_VARIABLE* var = csoundFindVariableWithName(csound,
                                                ip->instr->varPool, "ksmps");
  if (var) {
    char* temp = (char*)(lclbas + var->memBlockIndex);
    var->memBlock = (CS_VAR_MEM*)(temp - CS_VAR_TYPE_OFFSET);
    var->memBlock->value = csound->ksmps;
  }
  var = csoundFindVariableWithName(csound, ip->instr->varPool, "kr");
  if (var) {
    char* temp = (char*)(lclbas + var->memBlockIndex);
    var->memBlock = (CS_VAR_MEM*)(temp - CS_VAR_TYPE_OFFSET);
    var->memBlock->value = csound->ekr;
  }

  if (UNLIKELY(nxtopds > opdslim))
    csoundDie(csound, Str("inconsistent opds total"));

}

int prealloc_(CSOUND *csound, AOP *p, int instname)
{
    int     n, a;

    if (instname)
      n = (int) strarg2opcno(csound, ((STRINGDAT*)p->r)->data, 1,
                             (*p->b == FL(0.0) ? 0 : 1));
    else {
      if (csound->ISSTRCOD(*p->r))
        n = (int) strarg2opcno(csound, get_arg_string(csound,*p->r), 1,
                               (*p->b == FL(0.0) ? 0 : 1));
      else n = *p->r;
    }

    if (UNLIKELY(n == NOT_AN_INSTRUMENT)) return NOTOK;
    if (csound->oparms->realtime)
      csoundSpinLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
    a = (int) *p->a - csound->engineState.instrtxtp[n]->active;
    for ( ; a > 0; a--)
      instance(csound, n);
    if (csound->oparms->realtime)
      csoundSpinUnLock(&csound->alloc_spinlock);
    return OK;
}

int prealloc(CSOUND *csound, AOP *p){
  return prealloc_(csound,p,0);
}

int prealloc_S(CSOUND *csound, AOP *p){
  return prealloc_(csound,p,1);
}

int delete_instr(CSOUND *csound, DELETEIN *p)
{
  int       n;
  INSTRTXT  *ip;
  INSDS     *active;
  INSTRTXT  *txtp;

  if (IS_STR_ARG(p->insno))
    n = csound->strarg2insno(csound, ((STRINGDAT *)p->insno)->data, 1);
  else
    n = (int) (*p->insno + FL(0.5));

  if (UNLIKELY(n == NOT_AN_INSTRUMENT ||
               n > csound->engineState.maxinsno ||
               csound->engineState.instrtxtp[n] == NULL))
    return OK;                /* Instrument does not exist so noop */
  ip = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[n];
  active = ip->instance;
  while (active != NULL) {    /* Check there are no active instances */
    INSDS   *nxt = active->nxtinstance;
    if (UNLIKELY(active->actflg)) { /* Can only remove non-active instruments */
      char *name = csound->engineState.instrtxtp[n]->insname;
      if (name)
        return csound->InitError(csound,
                                 Str("Instrument %s is still active"), name);
      else
        return csound->InitError(csound,
                                 Str("Instrument %d is still active"), n);
    }
#if 0
    if (active->opcod_iobufs && active->insno > csound->engineState.maxinsno)
      csound->Free(csound, active->opcod_iobufs);        /* IV - Nov 10 2002 */
#endif
    if (active->fdchp != NULL)
      fdchclose(csound, active);
    if (active->auxchp != NULL)
      auxchfree(csound, active);
    free_instr_var_memory(csound, active);
    csound->Free(csound, active);
    active = nxt;
  }
  csound->engineState.instrtxtp[n] = NULL;
  /* Now patch it out */
  for (txtp = &(csound->engineState.instxtanchor);
       txtp != NULL;
       txtp = txtp->nxtinstxt)
    if (txtp->nxtinstxt == ip) {
      OPTXT *t = ip->nxtop;
      txtp->nxtinstxt = ip->nxtinstxt;
      while (t) {
        OPTXT *s = t->nxtop;
        csound->Free(csound, t);
        t = s;
      }
      csound->Free(csound, ip);
      return OK;
    }
  return NOTOK;
}


void killInstance_enqueue(CSOUND *csound, MYFLT instr, int insno,
                          INSDS *ip, int mode,
                          int allow_release);

void killInstance(CSOUND *csound, MYFLT instr, int insno, INSDS *ip,
                  int mode, int allow_release) {
  INSDS *ip2 = NULL, *nip;
  do {                        /* This loop does not terminate in mode=0 */
    nip = ip->nxtact;
    if (((mode & 8) && ip->offtim >= 0.0) ||
        ((mode & 4) && ip->p1.value != instr) ||
        (allow_release && ip->relesing)) {
      ip = nip;
      continue;
    }
    if (!(mode & 3)) {
      if (allow_release) {
        xturnoff(csound, ip);
      }
      else {
        nip = ip->nxtact;
        xturnoff_now(csound, ip);
      }
    }
    else {
      ip2 = ip;
      if ((mode & 3) == 1)
        break;
    }
    ip = nip;
  } while (ip != NULL && (int) ip->insno == insno);

  if (ip2 != NULL) {
    if (allow_release) {
      xturnoff(csound, ip2);
    }
    else {
      xturnoff_now(csound, ip2);
    }
  }
}

int csoundKillInstanceInternal(CSOUND *csound, MYFLT instr, char *instrName,
                               int mode, int allow_release, int async)
{
  INSDS *ip;
  int   insno;

  if (instrName) {
    insno = named_instr_find(csound, instrName);
    instr = (MYFLT) insno;
  } else insno = instr;

  if (UNLIKELY(insno < 1 || insno > (int) csound->engineState.maxinsno ||
               csound->engineState.instrtxtp[insno] == NULL)) {
    return CSOUND_ERROR;
  }

  if (UNLIKELY(mode < 0 || mode > 15 || (mode & 3) == 3)) {
    csoundUnlockMutex(csound->API_lock);
    return CSOUND_ERROR;
  }
  ip = &(csound->actanchor);

  while ((ip = ip->nxtact) != NULL && (int) ip->insno != insno);
  if (UNLIKELY(ip == NULL)) {
    return CSOUND_ERROR;
  }

  if (!async) {
    csoundLockMutex(csound->API_lock);
    killInstance(csound, instr, insno, ip, mode, allow_release);
    csoundUnlockMutex(csound->API_lock);
  }
  else
    killInstance_enqueue(csound, instr, insno, ip, mode, allow_release);
  return CSOUND_SUCCESS;
}
