---
layout: docs
page_title: Service-to-service permissions - Intentions
description: >-
  Intentions define access control for services via Connect and are used to
  control which services may establish connections or make requests.
---

# Intentions

-> **1.9.0 and later:** This guide only applies in Consul versions 1.9.0 and
later. The documentation for the legacy intentions system is
[here](/docs/connect/intentions-legacy).

Intentions define access control for services via Connect and are used to
control which services may establish connections or make requests. Intentions
can be managed via the API, CLI, or UI.

Intentions are enforced on inbound connections or requests by the
[proxy](/docs/connect/proxies) or within a [natively integrated
application](/docs/connect/native).

Depending upon the [protocol] in use by the destination service, you can define
intentions to control Connect traffic authorization either at networking layer
4 (e.g. TCP) and networking layer 7 (e.g. HTTP):

- **Identity-based** - All intentions may enforce access based on identities
  encoded within [TLS
  certificates](/docs/connect/connect-internals#mutual-transport-layer-security-mtls).
  This allows for coarse all-or-nothing access control between pairs of
  services. These work with for services with any [protocol] as they only
  require awareness of the TLS handshake that wraps the opaque TCP connection.
  These can also be thought of as **L4 intentions**.

- **Application-aware** - Some intentions may additionally enforce access based
  on [L7 request
  attributes](/docs/connect/config-entries/service-intentions#permissions) in
  addition to connection identity. These may only be defined for services with
  a [protocol] that is HTTP-based. These can also be thought of as **L7
  intentions**.

At any given point in time, between any pair of services **only one intention
controls authorization**. This may be either an L4 intention or an L7
intention, but at any given point in time only one of those applies.

The [intention match API](/api/connect/intentions#list-matching-intentions)
should be periodically called to retrieve all relevant intentions for the
target destination. After verifying the TLS client certificate, the cached
intentions should be consulted for each incoming connection/request to
determine if it should be accepted or rejected.

The default intention behavior is defined by the default [ACL
policy](/docs/agent/options#acl_default_policy). If the default ACL policy is
"allow all", then all Connect connections are allowed by default. If the
default ACL policy is "deny all", then all Connect connections or requests are
denied by default.

## Intention Basics

Intentions are managed primarily via
[`service-intentions`](/docs/connect/config-entries/service-intentions) config
entries or the UI. Some simpler tasks can also be achieved with the older
[API](/api-docs/connect/intentions) or [CLI](/commands/intention). Please see
the respective documentation for each for full details on options, flags, etc.

Below is an example of a basic
[`service-intentions`](/docs/connect/config-entries/service-intentions) config
entry representing two simple intentions. The full data model complete with
more examples can be found in the
[`service-intentions`](/docs/connect/config-entries/service-intentions) config
entry documentation.

```hcl
Kind = "service-intentions"
Name = "db"
Sources = [
  {
    Name   = "web"
    Action = "deny"
  },
  {
    Name   = "api"
    Action = "allow"
  }
]
```

This config entry defines two intentions with a common destination of "db". The
first intention above is a deny intention with a source of "web". This says
that connections from web to db are not allowed and the connection will be
rejected. The second intention is an allow intention with a source of "api".
This says that connections from api to db are allowed and connections will be
accepted.

### Wildcard Intentions

You can use the `*` wildcard when defining an intention source or destination. The wildcard matches _any_ value and can serve as a "catch-all" entry for intentions that should have a wide scope.     

You can use a wildcard to match service names. If you are using Consul Enterprise, you can also use a wildcard to match a namespace.

This example says that the "web" service cannot connect to _any_ service:

```hcl
Kind = "service-intentions"
Name = "*"
Sources = [
  {
    Name   = "web"
    Action = "deny"
  }
]
```

And this example says that _no_ service can connect to the "db" service:

```hcl
Kind = "service-intentions"
Name = "db"
Sources = [
  {
    Name   = "*"
    Action = "deny"
  }
]
```

<EnterpriseAlert inline /> This example grants Prometheus
access to any service in any namespace.

```hcl
Kind = "service-intentions"
Name = "*"
Namespace = "*"
Sources = [
  {
    Name      = "prometheus"
    Namespace = "monitoring"
    Action = "allow"
  }
]
```

### Enforcement

For services that define their [protocol] as TCP, intentions mediate the
ability to **establish new connections**. When an intention is modified,
existing connections will not be affected. This means that changing a
connection from "allow" to "deny" today _will not_ kill the connection.

For services that define their protocol as HTTP-based, intentions mediate the
ability to **issue new requests**.

When an intention is modified, requests received after the modification will
use the latest intention rules to enforce access. This means that though
changing a connection from "allow" to "deny" today will not kill the
connection, it will correctly block new requests from being processed.

## Precedence and Match Order

Intentions are matched in an implicit order based on specificity, preferring
deny over allow. Specificity is determined by whether a value is an exact
specified value or is the wildcard value `*`.
The full precedence table is shown below and is evaluated
top to bottom, with larger numbers being evaluated first.

| Source Namespace | Source Name | Destination Namespace | Destination Name | Precedence |
| ---------------- | ----------- | --------------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| Exact            | Exact       | Exact                 | Exact            | 9          |
| Exact            | `*`         | Exact                 | Exact            | 8          |
| `*`              | `*`         | Exact                 | Exact            | 7          |
| Exact            | Exact       | Exact                 | `*`              | 6          |
| Exact            | `*`         | Exact                 | `*`              | 5          |
| `*`              | `*`         | Exact                 | `*`              | 4          |
| Exact            | Exact       | `*`                   | `*`              | 3          |
| Exact            | `*`         | `*`                   | `*`              | 2          |
| `*`              | `*`         | `*`                   | `*`              | 1          |

The precedence value can be read from a
[field](/docs/connect/config-entries/service-intentions#precedence) on the
`service-intentions` config entry after it is modified. Precedence cannot be
manually overridden today.

The numbers in the table above are not stable. Their ordering will remain
fixed but the actual number values may change in the future.

-> <EnterpriseAlert inline /> - Namespaces are an Enterprise feature. In Consul
OSS the only allowable value for either namespace field is `"default"`. Other
rows in this table are not applicable.

## Intention Management Permissions

Intention management can be protected by [ACLs](/docs/security/acl).
Permissions for intentions are _destination-oriented_, meaning the ACLs
for managing intentions are looked up based on the destination value
of the intention, not the source.

Intention permissions are by default implicitly granted at `read` level
when granting `service:read` or `service:write`. This is because a
service registered that wants to use Connect needs `intentions:read`
for its own service name in order to know whether or not to authorize
connections. The following ACL policy will implicitly grant `intentions:read`
(note _read_) for service `web`.

```hcl
service "web" {
  policy = "write"
}
```

It is possible to explicitly specify intention permissions. For example,
the following policy will allow a service to be discovered without granting
access to read intentions for it.

```hcl
service "web" {
  policy = "read"
  intentions = "deny"
}
```

Note that `intentions:read` is required for a token that a Connect-enabled
service uses to register itself or its proxy. If the token used does not
have `intentions:read` then the agent will be unable to resolve intentions
for the service and so will not be able to authorize any incoming connections.

~> **Security Note:** Explicitly allowing `intentions:write` on the token you
provide to a service instance at registration time opens up a significant
additional vulnerability. Although you may trust the service _team_ to define
which inbound connections they accept, using a combined token for registration
allows a compromised instance to to redefine the intentions which allows many
additional attack vectors and may be hard to detect. We strongly recommend only
delegating `intentions:write` using tokens that are used by operations teams or
orchestrators rather than spread via application config, or only manage
intentions with management tokens.

## Performance and Intention Updates

The intentions for services registered with a Consul agent are cached
locally on that agent. They are then updated via a background blocking query
against the Consul servers.

Supported [proxies] (such as [Envoy]) also cache this data within their own
configuration so that inbound connections or requests require no Consul agent
involvement during authorization. All actions in the data path of connections
happen within the proxy.

Updates to intentions are propagated nearly instantly to agents since agents
maintain a continuous blocking query in the background for intention updates
for registered services. Proxies similarly use blocking queries to update
their local configurations quickly.

Because all the intention data is cached locally, the agents or proxies can
fail static. Even if the agents are severed completely from the Consul servers,
or the proxies are severed completely from their local Consul agent, inbound
connection authorization continues to work indefinitely. Changes to intentions
will not be picked up until the partition heals, but will then automatically
take effect when connectivity is restored.

[protocol]: /docs/connect/config-entries/service-defaults#protocol
[proxies]: /docs/connect/proxies
[envoy]: /docs/connect/proxies/envoy
